{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:36:27Z","timestamp":1772156187986,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GM140886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM140886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P20GM103432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    is commonly associated with the development of dental caries worldwide. Due to their specificity for\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , phage represents a promising avenue for future targeted therapeutic strategies. In this study, we investigated how phage resistance develops in\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . As a model phage, we used \u0278APCM01, which is known to infect a serotype e strain. We isolated and sequenced the genomes of 15 spontaneous resistant mutants and found that 10 had acquired novel clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRIPSR) spacers targeting the phage, with a total of 18 new spacers identified. Additionally, eight strains contained mutations in rhamnose-glucose polysaccharide biosynthetic genes, three of which also acquired spacers. Only the\n                    <jats:italic>rgp<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants exhibited defects in phage adsorption, supporting the role of these cell surface glycans as the phage receptor. Mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>rgpF<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the newly identified gene\n                    <jats:italic>rgpX<\/jats:italic>\n                    led to severe cell division defects and impaired biofilm formation, the latter of which was also shared by an\n                    <jats:italic>rgpD<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant. Thus,\n                    <jats:italic>rgp<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations confer phage resistance but impose severe fitness costs, limiting pathogenic potential. Surprisingly, we found that \u0278APCM01 was capable of binding to and injecting its genome into UA159, a model serotype c strain. However, UA159 was resistant to infection due to an unknown post-entry defence mechanism. Consequently, \u0278APCM01 has the potential to infect both major serotypes associated with dental caries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T14:16:06Z","timestamp":1750342566000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acquired CRISPR spacers and rhamnose-glucose polysaccharide defects confer resistance to Streptococcus mutans phage \u0278APCM01"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"Lucas A.","family":"Wall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0273-1371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, 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