{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:16:31Z","timestamp":1785510991305,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008096","name":"Virbac","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"abstract":"\n Background.<\/jats:bold>\n Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n (\n SP<\/jats:italic>\n ) and\n Malassezia pachydermatis<\/jats:italic>\n (\n MP<\/jats:italic>\n ) are common causes of canine skin infections associated with increasing antimicrobial resistance. Topical products containing chlorhexidine and azoles have been utilized to treat these infections. However, a limited number of studies have assessed the interactions between chlorhexidine and azoles against\n SP<\/jats:italic>\n and\n MP<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Hypothesis\/Objectives.<\/jats:bold>\n To assess efficacy and potential additivity\/synergy between chlorhexidine and azoles against clinical isolates of\n MP<\/jats:italic>\n and multidrug-resistant\n SP<\/jats:italic>\n (\n MDR-SP<\/jats:italic>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Materials and Methods.<\/jats:bold>\n A total of 30\n MDR-SP<\/jats:italic>\n and 30\n MP<\/jats:italic>\n isolates were tested using a modified broth microdilution method. Six twofold dilutions of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% miconazole nitrate and 0.15% ketoconazole were tested alone and in combination. Minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal\/fungicidal (MBC\/MFC) concentrations were recorded, and synergy, additivity or antagonism was calculated.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Result.<\/jats:bold>\n For\n MDR-SP<\/jats:italic>\n , the combinations of chlorhexidine\/miconazole (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.003) and chlorhexidine\/ketoconazole (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.0001) resulted in lower MICs than chlorhexidine alone. Only the chlorhexidine\/ketoconazole combination had lower MBCs (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.0071) than chlorhexidine alone. For\n MP<\/jats:italic>\n , only the chlorhexidine\/ketoconazole combination had lower MICs (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.0001) than chlorhexidine alone. Both combinations of chlorhexidine\/miconazole (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.0028) and chlorhexidine\/ketoconazole (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.0001) resulted in lower MFCs than chlorhexidine alone. Chlorhexidine\/miconazole combination showed synergy in three\n MDR-SP<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, but in none of the\n MP<\/jats:italic>\n isolates. Chlorhexidine\/ketoconazole showed synergy for 1 out of 30\n MDR-SP<\/jats:italic>\n and 19 out of 30\n MP<\/jats:italic>\n isolates.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions and Clinical Relevance.<\/jats:bold>\n These results suggest that chlorhexidine\/azole combinations are an effective topical treatment for\n MDR-SP<\/jats:italic>\n and MP infections. Further studies should assess the efficacy of commercial products containing these compounds and their efficacy\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:15:55Z","timestamp":1777389355000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine alone or in combination with ketoconazole or miconazole against clinical isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"172","author":[{"given":"Gianna","family":"Goldman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4893-4289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12809"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001300"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2024.105305"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myae053"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3030037"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822003000400015"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12444"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13342"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13018"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2024.100397"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01068.x"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01040.x"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv056"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12357"},{"key":"R16","article-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fourth informational supplement. 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