{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:33:49Z","timestamp":1785512029630,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019690","name":"Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/W502649\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/W502649\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIHR Exeter Biomedical Research Centre"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019690","name":"Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/N006364\/2 and MR\/V033417\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N006364\/2 and MR\/V033417\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although fungi and bacteria commonly co-exist within polymicrobial communities, the molecular mechanisms underlying their interactions are still not well understood. Here, we show that the fungus\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    forms biofilms with the bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    along a nutritional axis of mutualism and propose that \u2018a copper economy\u2019 shapes fungal\u2013bacterial biofilm interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Using\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms formed on plastic, we found that dual-species biofilms are consistently larger than single-species counterparts, indicating a cooperative interaction. Dual-species proteomic analysis revealed non-reciprocal copper handling:\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    increased copper uptake via transporter Ctr1, while\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    enhanced copper export via regulator CsoR and export chaperone CopZ. Dual-species biofilms exhibited specific sensitivity to both copper depletion and supplementation, with corresponding reductions in biomass. We identified fungal copper import as the crucial element in mutualistic interactions between\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and staphylococcal species. Moreover, fungal hyphae served as a critical scaffold for biofilm architecture, a role that was compromised under copper-replete conditions. Notably, copper nanoparticles disrupted these dual-species biofilms, highlighting a potential therapeutic avenue. Furthermore, we extend the role of\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    copper import to mutualistic interactions with additional bacterial species. Our findings establish copper as a central mediator of\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    cooperation and suggest that a \u2018copper economy\u2019 underpins mutualistic interactions in biofilms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:16:23Z","timestamp":1782461783000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Copper-driven mutualism of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus interkingdom biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"172","author":[{"given":"Iana","family":"Kalinina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, 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