{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T01:10:16Z","timestamp":1793149816339,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It is established that<jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of bubonic plague, recently evolved from enteropathogenic<jats:italic>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>by undergoing chromosomal degeneration while acquiring two unique plasmids that facilitate tissue invasion (pPCP) and dissemination by fleabite (pMT). Thereafter, plague bacilli spread from central Asia to sylvatic foci throughout the world. These epidemic isolates exhibit a broad host range including man as opposed to enzootic (pestoides) variants that remain in ancient reservoirs where infection is limited to muroid rodents. Cells of<jats:italic>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>are known to express glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Zwf) and aspartase (AspA); these activities are not detectable in epidemic<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>due to missense mutations (substitution of proline for serine at amino position 155 of Zwf and leucine for valine at position 363 of AspA). In this study, functional Zwf was found in pestoides strains E, F and G but not seven other enzootic isolates; enzymic activity was associated with retention of serine at amino acid position 155. Essentially, full AspA activity occurred in pestoides isolates where valine (pestoides A, B, C and D) or serine (pestoides E, F, G and I) occupied position 363. Reduced activity occurred in strains Angola and A16, which contained phenylalanine at this position. The<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>cat<\/jats:sub>but not<jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>of purified AspA from strain Angola was significantly reduced. In this context,<jats:italic>aspA<\/jats:italic>of the recently described attenuated enzootic microtus biovar encodes active valine at position 363, further indicating that functional AspA is a biomarker for avirulence of<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>in man.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.021170-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]],"date-time":"2008-12-31T23:06:09Z","timestamp":1230764769000},"page":"198-209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Attenuated enzootic (pestoides) isolates of Yersinia pestis express active aspartase"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Scott W.","family":"Bearden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Sexton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Pare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 2215 Biomedical Physical Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet M.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 2215 Biomedical Physical Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy G.","family":"Arvidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 2215 Biomedical Physical Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyudmyla","family":"Yerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald E.","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Brubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1021\/pr070036r","article-title":"Attachment of LcrV from Yersinia pestis at dual binding sites to human TLR-2 and human IFN- \u03b3 receptor","volume":"6","author":"Abramov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14043","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14043","article-title":"Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis","volume":"96","author":"Achtman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17837","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408026101","article-title":"Microevolution and history of the plague bacillus, Yersinia pestis","volume":"101","author":"Achtman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/24094","article-title":"The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria","volume":"396","author":"Andersson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.434-464.2004","article-title":"Intraspecific diversity of Yersinia pestis","volume":"17","author":"Anisimov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-72124-8_3","article-title":"Variability of the protein sequences of LcrV between epidemic and atypical rhamnose-positive strains of Yersinia pestis","volume":"603","author":"Anisimov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(52)90121-5","article-title":"The fibrin plate method for estimating fibrinolytic activity","volume":"40","author":"Astrup","year":"1952","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"R8","first-page":"19","article-title":"Pesticins","volume":"94","author":"Beesley","year":"1967","journal-title":"III. Expression of coagulase and mechanism of fibrinolysis. J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1109.050081","article-title":"Plague from eating raw camel liver","volume":"11","author":"Bin Saeed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)51000-6","article-title":"Oxidation and transamination of glutamate by typhus rickettsiae","volume":"184","author":"Bovarnick","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.79.2.299-304.1960","article-title":"Nutrition of Pasteurella pestis in chemically defined media at temperatures of 36 to 38 C","volume":"79","author":"Brownlow","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.95.5.1698-1705.1968","article-title":"Metabolism of carbohydrates by Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis","volume":"95","author":"Brubaker","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.98.3.1404-1406.1969","article-title":"Mutation rate to nonpigmentation in Pasteurella pestis","volume":"98","author":"Brubaker","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R14","first-page":"111","article-title":"Yersinia: biochemistry and genetics of virulence","volume":"57","author":"Brubaker","year":"1972","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.3.309","article-title":"Factors promoting acute and chronic diseases caused by yersiniae","volume":"4","author":"Brubaker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-003-1022-y","article-title":"The recent emergence of plague: a process of felonious evolution","volume":"47","author":"Brubaker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.4743-4752.2005","article-title":"Influence of Na+, dicarboxylic amino acids, and pH in modulating the low-calcium response of Yersinia pestis","volume":"73","author":"Brubaker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-72124-8_10","article-title":"Intermediary metabolism, Na+, the low calcium-response, and acute disease","volume-title":"The Genus Yersinia: From Genomics to Function","author":"Brubaker","year":"2007"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.3.4.580-588.1971","article-title":"Mutations influencing the assimilation of nitrogen by Yersinia pestis","volume":"3","author":"Brubaker","year":"1971","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.84.3.539-545.1962","article-title":"Pesticins II. Production of pesticin I and II","volume":"84","author":"Brubaker","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1126\/science.149.3682.422","article-title":"Pasteurella pestis: role of pesticin I and iron in experimental plague","volume":"149","author":"Brubaker","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4851-4861.1999","article-title":"The 102-kilobase pgm locus of Yersinia pestis: sequence analysis and comparison of selected regions among different Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains","volume":"67","author":"Buchrieser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1038\/1791246a0","article-title":"Virulence of Pasteurella pestis","volume":"179","author":"Burrows","year":"1957","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R24","first-page":"278","article-title":"The effects of loss of different virulence determinants on the virulence and immunogenicity of strains of Pasteurella pestis","volume":"39","author":"Burrows","year":"1958","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"R25","first-page":"38","article-title":"V and W antigens in strains of Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis","volume":"41","author":"Burrows","year":"1960","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.9.5.851-857.1974","article-title":"Experimental Yersinia enterocolitica infection in mice: kinetics of growth","volume":"9","author":"Carter","year":"1974","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13826","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404012101","article-title":"Insights into the evolution of Yersinia pestis through whole-genome comparison with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis","volume":"101","author":"Chain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00124-06","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Yersinia pestis strains Antiqua and Nepal516: evidence of gene reduction in an emerging pathogen","volume":"188","author":"Chain","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/191043a0","article-title":"Dideoxysugars of Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis-specific polysaccharides, and the occurrence of ascarylose","volume":"191","author":"Davies","year":"1961","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21704","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)45797-3","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of gltS, the Na+\/glutamate symport carrier gene of Escherichia coli","volume":"265","author":"Deguchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4601","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.16.4601-4611.2002","article-title":"Genome sequence of Y. pestis KIM","volume":"184","author":"Deng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R32","first-page":"247","article-title":"Varie\u0301te\u0301s de l'espe\u0300ce Pasteurella pestis. Nouvelle hypothe\u0300se","volume":"4","author":"Devignat","year":"1951","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R33","first-page":"463","article-title":"Comportement biologique et biochimique de P. pestis et de P. pseudotuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Devignat","year":"1954","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.136.2.757-764.1978","article-title":"Consequences of aspartase deficiency in Yersinia pestis","volume":"136","author":"Dreyfus","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R35","first-page":"56","article-title":"Microtus brandti plague in the Xilin Gol Grassland was inoffensive to humans","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chin J Control Endemic Dis"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.31.2.839-841.1981","article-title":"Plasmids in Yersinia pestis","volume":"31","author":"Ferber","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00463.x","article-title":"The pigmentation locus of Yersinia pestis KIM6+ is flanked by an insertion sequence and includes the structural genes for pesticin sensitivity and HMWP2","volume":"13","author":"Fetherston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01446.x","article-title":"Loss of the pigmentation phenotype in Yersinia pestis is due to the spontaneous deletion of 102\u2005kb of chromosomal DNA which is flanked by a repetitive element","volume":"6","author":"Fetherston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.177.7.1824-1833.1995","article-title":"Analysis of the pesticin receptor from Yersinia pestis: role in iron deficient growth and possible regulation by its siderophore","volume":"177","author":"Fetherston","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R40","first-page":"99","article-title":"Studies on the pathogenesis of plague. Blood coagulation and tissue responses of Macaca mulatta following exposure to aerosols of Pasteurella pestis","volume":"53","author":"Finegold","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5479","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.19.5479-5490.2002","article-title":"Whole-genome comparison of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical and laboratory strains","volume":"184","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5234","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.12.5234-5241.1994","article-title":"Physiological basis of the low calcium response in Yersinia pestis","volume":"62","author":"Fowler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.95.4.1267-1271.1968","article-title":"Selection of Escherichia coli mutants lacking glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase","volume":"95","author":"Fraenkel","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.10.3114-3122.1999","article-title":"Molecular characterization of KatY (antigen 5), a thermoregulated chromosomally encoded catalase-peroxidase of Yersinia pestis","volume":"181","author":"Garcia","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-72124-8_2","article-title":"Pestoides F, an atypical Yersinia pestis strain from the former Soviet Union","volume":"603","author":"Garcia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.10.5613-5621.2004","article-title":"Structural organization of the pFra virulence-associated plasmid of rhamnose-positive Yersinia pestis","volume":"72","author":"Golubov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.10.018","article-title":"Yersinia's stratagem: targeting innate and adaptive immune defense","volume":"9","author":"Heesemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.81.4.605-608.1961","article-title":"Studies on the nutrition and physiology of Pasteurella pestis. VI. A differential plating medium for the estimation of the mutation rate to avirulence","volume":"81","author":"Higuchi","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069972","article-title":"Role of Yersinia murine toxin in survival of Yersinia pestis in the midgut of the flea vector","volume":"296","author":"Hinnebusch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42383-1","article-title":"Characterization of pesticin: separation of antibacterial activities","volume":"249","author":"Hu","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.145.3.1365-1373.1981","article-title":"Rapid procedure for detection of and isolation of large and small plasmids","volume":"145","author":"Kado","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04253.x","article-title":"HmsP, a putative phosphodiesterase, and HmsT, a putative diguanylate cyclase, control Hms-dependent biofilm formation in Yersinia pestis","volume":"54","author":"Kirillina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.76.1.120-121.1958","article-title":"Role of calcium ions in the stimulation of growth of virulent strains of Pasteurella pestis","volume":"76","author":"Kupferberg","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R54","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pathogenicity plasmids of the plague microbe ( Yersinia pestis","volume":"6","author":"Kutyrev","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5755","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.12.5755-5762.1998","article-title":"Expression of the plasminogen activator Pla of Yersinia pestis enhances bacterial attachment to the mammalian extracellular matrix","volume":"66","author":"La\u0308hteenma\u0308ki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1499","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia","volume":"37","author":"Larsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.174.7.2078-2086.1992","article-title":"Determination of genome size, macrorestriction pattern polymorphism, and nonpigmentation-specific deletion in Yersinia pestis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis","volume":"174","author":"Lucier","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R59","volume-title":"Biology and Genetic Features of Plague and Plague-Related Microbes","author":"Martinevskii","year":"1969"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.84.1.53-59.1962","article-title":"Gluconate metabolism of Pasteurella pestis","volume":"84","author":"Mortlock","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.84.5.1122-1123.1962","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities of Pasteurella pestis and Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis","volume":"84","author":"Mortlock","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6298","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.18.6298-6305.2004","article-title":"Temporal global changes in gene expression during temperature transition in Yersinia pestis","volume":"186","author":"Motin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/35097083","article-title":"Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague","volume":"413","author":"Parkhill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R64","first-page":"13","article-title":"Iron and heme acquisition and storage systems of Yersinia pestis","volume":"5","author":"Perry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Recent Res Dev Microbiol"},{"key":"R65","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Detection and characterization of Yersinia pestis plasmids determining pesticin I, fraction 1 antigen and mouse toxin synthesis","volume":"19","author":"Protsenko","year":"1983","journal-title":"Genetika"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502849102","article-title":"Replication of Yersinia pestis in interferon gamma-activated macrophages requires ripA, a gene encoded in the pigmentation locus","volume":"102","author":"Pujol","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.32.1.400-403.1981","article-title":"Characteristics of virulence in human isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica","volume":"32","author":"Schiemann","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1439793","article-title":"A surface protease and the invasive character of plague","volume":"258","author":"Sodeinde","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8097","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803525105","article-title":"Experimental evidence for negative selection in the evolution of a Yersinia pestis pseudogene","volume":"105","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359008040018","article-title":"Concepts of macro- and microevolution as related to the problem of origin and global expansion of the plague pathogen Yersinia pestis","volume":"35","author":"Suntsov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Bull"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.18.5.834-837.1969","article-title":"Congo red-agar plating medium for detecting pigmentation in Pasteurella pestis","volume":"18","author":"Surgalla","year":"1969","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.2.1130-1140.2006","article-title":"Role of gluconeogenesis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in BALB\/c mice","volume":"74","author":"Tchawa Yimga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R73","first-page":"219","article-title":"A revised antigenic scheme of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Thal","year":"1971","journal-title":"Symp Series Immunobiol Stand"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/015529-0","article-title":"A missense mutation causes aspartase-deficiency in Yersinia pestis","volume":"154","author":"Viola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"R75","first-page":"337","article-title":"Studies on O-antigen factors of \u201c Yersinia enterocolitica\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Winblad","year":"1968","journal-title":"Prog Immunobiol Stand"},{"key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.1966.67.4.537","article-title":"Two further cases, bacteriologically verified, of human infection with \u201c Pasteurella X\u201d (syn. Yersinia enterocolitica)","volume":"67","author":"Winblad","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"key":"R77","first-page":"S34","article-title":"Characterization of pestoides F, an atypical strain of Y. pestis","volume":"6","author":"Worsham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Medische Microbiologie"},{"key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-48416-1_25","article-title":"Pestoides F, a Yersinia pestis strain lacking plasminogen activator, is virulent by the aerosol route","volume":"529","author":"Worsham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"R79","volume-title":"Plague: a Manual for Medical and Public Health Workers","author":"Wu","year":"1936"},{"key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00869a022","article-title":"Purification and properties of guinea pig serum asparaginase","volume":"5","author":"Yellin","year":"1966","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.15.5147-5152.2004","article-title":"Genetics of metabolic variations between Yersinia pestis biovars and the proposal of a new biovar, microtus","volume":"186","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R82","volume-title":"Genetic characterization of the chromosomal pigmentation region of five Yersinia pestis subspecies","author":"Zudina","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.021170-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T04:24:19Z","timestamp":1632889459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.021170-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.021170-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-0872","1465-2080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-0872","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]}}}