{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:11:32Z","timestamp":1791342692306,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last decade, CTX-M enzymes have become the most prevalent extended-spectrum<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-lactamases (ESBLs) worldwide, mostly in<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, causing a major health problem. An epidemiological relationship has been established between a rare genotype of<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, the D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>genotype, and the presence of CTX-M genes. We investigated this striking association by exploring the genetic backgrounds of 18 D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>genotype CTX-M-producing strains and of the plasmids encoding CTX-M enzymes. The 18 strains had different genetic backgrounds, as assessed by multilocus sequence and O typing, and were associated with various plasmids bearing diverse CTX-M genes. The region encompassing the genetic marker of the D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>genotype (TSPE4.C2) was not correlated with the presence of CTX-M genes. CTX-M-producing D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>strains had far fewer virulence factors than a control group of 8 non-ESBL-producing D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>strains, and an inverse relationship was found between the number of co-resistances associated with the CTX-M gene and the number of virulence factors found in the strain. These findings provide evidence for multiple acquisitions of plasmids carrying CTX-M genes in different D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>genotype strains. They strongly suggest that convergent evolution has occurred, and indicate that there has been selection for the association of a specific genetic background of the strain and the CTX-M gene. This fine-tuning of the relationship between the D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>genotype and CTX-M genes presumably increases the fitness of the strain, indicating a role for the host cell in the acquisition and dissemination of CTX-M genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.023234-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]],"date-time":"2009-04-27T22:32:56Z","timestamp":1240871576000},"page":"1656-1668","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Multiple acquisitions of CTX-M plasmids in the rare D2 genotype of Escherichia coli provide evidence for convergent evolution"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Deschamps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier, Service de Microbiologie-Hygi\u00e8ne, Colombes, France"},{"name":"INSERM U722 and Universit\u00e9 Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Clermont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U722 and Universit\u00e9 Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Claire","family":"Hipeaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier, Service de Microbiologie-Hygi\u00e8ne, Colombes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Arlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Tenon, Service de Bact\u00e9riologie-Hygi\u00e8ne, Paris, France"},{"name":"EA 2392, Universit\u00e9 Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Site Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Denamur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U722 and Universit\u00e9 Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Branger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier, Service de Microbiologie-Hygi\u00e8ne, Colombes, France"},{"name":"INSERM U722 and Universit\u00e9 Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.070405","article-title":"High rate of mobilization for blaCTX-Ms","volume":"14","author":"Barlow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Escherichia coli in the normal flora of humans and animals","volume-title":"Escherichia coli: Mechanisms of Virulence","author":"Bettelheim","year":"1997a"},{"key":"R3","first-page":"3","article-title":"Escherichia coli and human disease.","volume-title":"Escherichia coli: Mechanisms of Virulence","author":"Bettelheim","year":"1997b"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.3216-3226.2002","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis and prevalence of urosepsis strains of Escherichia coli bearing pathogenicity island-like domains","volume":"70","author":"Bingen-Bidois","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.1.1-14.2004","article-title":"Growing group of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: the CTX-M enzymes","volume":"48","author":"Bonnet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/143.3.1091","article-title":"Mosaic structure of plasmids from natural populations of Escherichia coli","volume":"143","author":"Boyd","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(97)90088-8","article-title":"Epidemiological typing of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates responsible for five outbreaks in a university hospital","volume":"36","author":"Branger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1101.040257","article-title":"Genetic background of Escherichia coli and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase type","volume":"11","author":"Branger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.08.011","article-title":"The CTX-M beta-lactamase pandemic","volume":"9","author":"Canton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.03.018","article-title":"Identification of plasmids by PCR-based replicon typing","volume":"63","author":"Carattoli","year":"2005a","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.833-835.2005","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolated from dogs and cats in Rome, Italy, from 2001 to 2003","volume":"49","author":"Carattoli","year":"2005b","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4555-4558.2000","article-title":"Rapid and simple determination of the Escherichia coli phylogenetic group","volume":"66","author":"Clermont","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.08.007","article-title":"Determination of Escherichia coli O types by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction: application to the O types involved in human septicemia","volume":"57","author":"Clermont","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0040035","article-title":"Expression profiles reveal parallel evolution of epistatic interactions involving the CRP regulon in Escherichia coli","volume":"4","author":"Cooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.4.1249-1255.2004","article-title":"Dissemination of CTX-M-type beta-lactamases among clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Paris, France","volume":"48","author":"Eckert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki398","article-title":"DNA sequence analysis of the genetic environment of various blaCTX-M genes","volume":"57","author":"Eckert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msh118","article-title":"A specific genetic background is required for acquisition and expression of virulence factors in Escherichia coli","volume":"21","author":"Escobar-Paramo","year":"2004a","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5698","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.9.5698-5700.2004","article-title":"Large-scale population structure of human commensal Escherichia coli isolates","volume":"70","author":"Escobar-Paramo","year":"2004b","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/25.suppl_C.41","article-title":"The causative organisms of septicaemia and their epidemiology","volume":"25","author":"Eykyn","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01669.x","article-title":"Assigning Escherichia coli strains to phylogenetic groups: multi-locus sequence typing versus the PCR triplex method","volume":"10","author":"Gordon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150390235520","article-title":"A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood","volume":"52","author":"Guindon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.7.2311-2315.1991","article-title":"Association of carboxylesterase B electrophoretic pattern with presence and expression of urovirulence factor determinants and antimicrobial resistance among strains of Escherichia coli that cause urosepsis","volume":"59","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1086\/317656","article-title":"Phylogenetic distribution of extraintestinal virulence-associated traits in Escherichia coli","volume":"183","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1086\/345767","article-title":"Phylogenetic background and virulence profiles of fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical Escherichia coli isolates from the Netherlands","volume":"186","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4739","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.11.4739-4744.2005","article-title":"Spontaneous conversion to quinolone and fluoroquinolone resistance among wild-type Escherichia coli isolates in relation to phylogenetic background and virulence genotype","volume":"49","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02171-06","article-title":"Plasmid replicon typing of commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates","volume":"73","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm172","article-title":"Extraintestinal virulence is a coincidental by-product of commensalism in B2 phylogenetic group Escherichia coli strains","volume":"24","author":"Le Gall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl483","article-title":"CTX-M: changing the face of ESBLs in Europe","volume":"59","author":"Livermore","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.157.2.690-693.1984","article-title":"Standard reference strains of Escherichia coli from natural populations","volume":"157","author":"Ochman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.4.1567-1571.2005","article-title":"CTX-M-10 linked to a phage-related element is widely disseminated among Enterobacteriaceae in a Spanish hospital","volume":"49","author":"Oliver","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-9-2267","article-title":"Mosaic plasmids and mosaic replicons: evolutionary lessons from the analysis of genetic diversity in IncFII-related replicons","volume":"146","author":"Osborn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update","volume":"18","author":"Paterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.2.546-553.1999","article-title":"The link between phylogeny and virulence in Escherichia coli extraintestinal infection","volume":"67","author":"Picard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki166","article-title":"Emergence of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in the community","volume":"56","author":"Pitout","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1086\/315418","article-title":"Proposal for a new inclusive designation for extraintestinal pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli : ExPEC","volume":"181","author":"Russo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26773-0","article-title":"Evolution of multi-resistance plasmids in Australian clinical isolates of Escherichia coli","volume":"150","author":"Sherley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01285-07","article-title":"Diversity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and class C beta-lactamases among cloacal Escherichia coli isolates in Belgian broiler farms","volume":"52","author":"Smet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.2.649-653.2006","article-title":"Quinolones induce partial or total loss of pathogenicity islands in uropathogenic Escherichia coli by SOS-dependent or -independent pathways, respectively","volume":"50","author":"Soto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(75)80083-0","article-title":"Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis","volume":"98","author":"Southern","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00048-05","article-title":"ISCR elements: novel gene-capturing systems of the 21st century?","volume":"70","author":"Toleman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1086\/323810","article-title":"Decreased invasive capacity of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in patients with urinary tract infections","volume":"33","author":"Velasco","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1086\/342955","article-title":"Are quinolone-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli less virulent?","volume":"186","author":"Vila","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm517","article-title":"Imported chicken meat as a potential source of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the UK","volume":"61","author":"Warren","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"}],"container-title":["Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.023234-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T16:12:42Z","timestamp":1633363962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.023234-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.023234-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-0872","1465-2080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-0872","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]}}}