{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:29:40Z","timestamp":1791296980934,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In addition to its known status as a disseminated disease in HIV-positive patients, <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic> complex (MAC) is increasingly recognized as a causative pathogen of respiratory disease in HIV-negative patients. MAC is divided into <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>, and the less-epidemiologically studied <jats:italic>Mycobacterium intracellulare<\/jats:italic>. Genetic typing for <jats:italic>M. intracellulare<\/jats:italic> using variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) has not yet been developed. The aim of this study was to identify VNTR loci in the genome of <jats:italic>M. intracellulare<\/jats:italic> and apply them as an epidemiological tool to clinical isolates. Here, we identified 25 VNTR loci on the <jats:italic>M. intracellulare<\/jats:italic> genome, of which 16 showed variations among clinical isolates in the number of tandem repeat motifs. Among the 74 <jats:italic>M. intracellulare<\/jats:italic> isolates, 50 genotypes were distinguished using the 16 VNTR loci, resulting in a Hunter Gaston's discriminatory index of 0.988. Moreover, all 16 VNTR loci were stable in different sets of isolates recovered within time intervals ranging from 2 to 1551\u2005days from 14 separate patients. These results indicate that for use as epidemiological markers of <jats:italic>M. intracellulare<\/jats:italic>, the loci in this VNTR assay are highly discriminating and stable over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.030684-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,3]],"date-time":"2009-11-03T22:52:21Z","timestamp":1257288741000},"page":"496-504","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Molecular typing of Mycobacterium intracellulare using multilocus variable-number of tandem-repeat analysis: identification of loci and analysis of clinical isolates"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Kazuya","family":"Ichikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Higashinagoya National Hospital, 5-101 Umemorizaka, Meito-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 465-8620, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Yagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of National University Hospital for Infection Control, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Inagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Higashinagoya National Hospital, 5-101 Umemorizaka, Meito-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 465-8620, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Moriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Higashinagoya National Hospital, 5-101 Umemorizaka, Meito-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 465-8620, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National Hospital Organization, Higashinagoya National Hospital, 5-101 Umemorizaka, Meito-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 465-8620, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Higashinagoya National Hospital, 5-101 Umemorizaka, Meito-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 465-8620, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei-ichi","family":"Uchiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Nikai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National Hospital Organization, Higashinagoya National Hospital, 5-101 Umemorizaka, Meito-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 465-8620, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Higashinagoya National Hospital, 5-101 Umemorizaka, Meito-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 465-8620, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.600-605.1999","article-title":"Typing of clinical Mycobacterium avium complex strains cultured during a 2-year period in Denmark by using IS 1245","volume":"37","author":"Bauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-8508(03)00047-1","article-title":"Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) differentiate Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from other species of the Mycobacterium avium complex","volume":"17","author":"Bull","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7602","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00930-06","article-title":"Relationships between Mycobacterium isolates from patients with pulmonary mycobacterial infection and potting soils","volume":"72","author":"De Groote","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3712","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.10.3712-3719.2002","article-title":"IS 1311 and IS 1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses, serotypes, and drug susceptibilities of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates obtained from a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient","volume":"40","author":"Dvorska","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200603-450OC","article-title":"Clinical and molecular analysis of macrolide resistance in Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"174","author":"Griffith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.26.11.2465-2466.1988","article-title":"Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of typing systems: an application of Simpson's index of diversity","volume":"26","author":"Hunter","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02373-08","article-title":"Comparison of a variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) method for typing Mycobacterium avium with mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-VNTR and IS 1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism typing","volume":"47","author":"Inagaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.6.3.266","article-title":"The Mycobacterium avium complex","volume":"6","author":"Inderlied","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.11.3001-3003.1997","article-title":"Characterization to species level of Mycobacterium avium complex strains from human immunodeficiency virus-positive and -negative patients","volume":"35","author":"Kyriakopoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5318","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.11.5318-5325.2002","article-title":"Occurrence of mycobacteria in water treatment lines and in water distribution systems","volume":"68","author":"Le Dantec","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2006\/001164-0","article-title":"Development of discriminatory multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis for Bartonella henselae","volume":"153","author":"Monteil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"R12","first-page":"25","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological manual for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and Mycobacterium avium using VNTR (Variable Numbers of Tandem Repeats) typing","volume":"109","author":"Nishimori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull Natl Inst Anim Health"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1086\/519383","article-title":"The recovery of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) from the residential bathrooms of patients with pulmonary MAC","volume":"45","author":"Nishiuchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3819","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02495-05","article-title":"Distribution of hsp65 PCR-restriction enzyme analysis patterns among Mycobacterium avium complex isolates in Thailand","volume":"44","author":"Prammananan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.51.5.873-884.1986","article-title":"Methods of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for bacterial population genetics and systematics","volume":"51","author":"Selander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.5.1639-1647.2005","article-title":"Genotyping Mycobacterium ulcerans and Mycobacterium marinum by using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units","volume":"187","author":"Stragier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01392-06","article-title":"Proposal for standardization of optimized mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"44","author":"Supply","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.2.175-178.1993","article-title":"Rapid identification of mycobacteria to the species level by polymerase chain reaction and restriction analysis","volume":"31","author":"Telenti","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00476-07","article-title":"New variable number tandem repeat markers for typing M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium strains: comparison with IS 900 RFLP and IS 1245 RFLP typing","volume":"45","author":"Thibault","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90239-9","article-title":"Persistent colonisation of potable water as a source of Mycobacterium avium infection in AIDS","volume":"343","author":"von Reyn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.4.9712098","article-title":"Polyclonal Mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with nodular bronchiectasis","volume":"158","author":"Wallace","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R23","first-page":"107","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases","volume":"119","author":"Wolinsky","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"}],"container-title":["Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.030684-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T13:49:00Z","timestamp":1605620940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.030684-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.030684-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-0872","1465-2080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-0872","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]}}}