{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:50:18Z","timestamp":1790279418537,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>All <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> spores are encased in macromolecular shells. One of these is a proteinacious shell called the coat that, in <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>, provides critical protective functions. The <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic> spore is the infectious particle for the disease anthrax. Therefore, the coat is of particular interest because it may provide essential protective functions required for the appearance of anthrax. Here, we analyse a protein component of the spore outer layers that was previously designated BxpA. Our data indicate that a significant amount of BxpA is located below the spore coat and associated with the cortex. By SDS-PAGE, BxpA migrates as a 9\u2005kDa species when extracted from Sterne strain spores, and as 11 and 14\u2005kDa species from Ames strain spores, even though it has predicted masses of 27 and 29\u2005kDa, respectively, in these two strains. We investigated the possibility that BxpA is subject to post-translational processing as previously suggested. In <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>, a subset of coat proteins is proteolysed or cross-linked by the spore proteins YabG or Tgl, respectively. To investigate the possibility that similar processing occurs in <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>, we generated mutations in the <jats:italic>yabG<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>tgl<\/jats:italic> genes in the Sterne and Ames strains and analysed the consequences for BxpA assembly by SDS-PAGE. We found that in a <jats:italic>tgl<\/jats:italic> mutant of <jats:italic>B. anthracis,<\/jats:italic> the apparent mass of BxpA increased. This is consistent with the possibility that Tgl directs the cross-linking of BxpA into a form that normally does not enter the gel. Unexpectedly, the apparent mass of BxpA also increased in a <jats:italic>yabG<\/jats:italic> mutant, suggesting a relatively complex role for proteolysis in spore protein maturation in <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>. These data reveal a previously unobserved event in spore protein maturation in <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>. We speculate that proteolysis and cross-linking are ubiquitous spore assembly mechanisms throughout the genus <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.033407-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,3]],"date-time":"2009-11-03T22:52:21Z","timestamp":1257288741000},"page":"174-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Processing, assembly and localization of a Bacillus anthracis spore protein"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"K. L.","family":"Moody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Driks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. L.","family":"Rother","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. K.","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. E.","family":"Brueggemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. B.","family":"Hines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Friedlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Bozue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(91)90495-W","article-title":"Construction of cloning vectors for Bacillus thuringiensis","volume":"108","author":"Arantes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(68)90288-X","article-title":"Biosynthesis of bacterial spore coats","volume":"33","author":"Aronson","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.40.2.360-402.1976","article-title":"Structure and morphogenesis of the bacterial spore coat","volume":"40","author":"Aronson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bacteriol Rev"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6092","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00723-06","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of the Bacillus anthracis life cycle in vitro and an implied model for regulation of spore formation","volume":"188","author":"Bergman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7440","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00639-06","article-title":"The ExsY protein is required for complete formation of the exosporium of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"188","author":"Boydston","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2004.10.001","article-title":"Construction of a rhamnose mutation in Bacillus anthracis affects adherence to macrophages but not virulence in guinea pigs","volume":"38","author":"Bozue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01202-06","article-title":"Fully virulent Bacillus anthracis does not require the immunodominant protein BclA for pathogenesis","volume":"75","author":"Bozue","year":"2007a","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00434-07","article-title":"Bacillus anthracis spores of the bclA mutant exhibit increased adherence to epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells but not to macrophages","volume":"75","author":"Bozue","year":"2007b","journal-title":"Infect 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geographical origin","volume":"19","author":"Fellows","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"R16","first-page":"335","article-title":"Anthrax: clinical features, pathogenesis, and potential biological warfare threat","volume":"20","author":"Friedlander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Clin Top Infect Dis"},{"key":"R17","first-page":"1504","article-title":"Cytology of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"26","author":"Gerhardt","year":"1967","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.88.6.1774-1789.1964","article-title":"Ultrastructure of the exosporium enveloping spores of Bacillus cereus","volume":"88","author":"Gerhardt","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00921-06","article-title":"Morphogenesis of the Bacillus anthracis spore","volume":"189","author":"Giorno","year":"2007","journal-title":"J 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model of pulmonary anthrax: kinetics of dissemination, histopathology, and mouse strain susceptibility","volume":"72","author":"Lyons","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01380.x","article-title":"Characterization of a Bacillus anthracis spore coat-surface protein that influences coat-surface morphology","volume":"289","author":"Mallozzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2004.06.008","article-title":"The NheA component of the non-hemolytic enterotoxin of Bacillus cereus is produced by Bacillus anthracis but is not required for virulence","volume":"37","author":"Mendelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7609","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01116-06","article-title":"Localization of the transglutaminase cross-linking 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bacteria","volume":"423","author":"Read","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26681-0","article-title":"Identification of proteins in the exosporium of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"150","author":"Redmond","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.2.620-626.2000","article-title":"Role of the spore coat layers in Bacillus subtilis spore resistance to hydrogen peroxide, artificial UV-C, UV-B, and solar UV radiation","volume":"66","author":"Riesenman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.54.3.704","article-title":"Catabolic repression of bacterial sporulation","volume":"54","author":"Schaeffer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02736.x","article-title":"Spores of Bacillus subtilis: their resistance to and killing by radiation, heat and chemicals","volume":"101","author":"Setlow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"R47","article-title":"Roles of the Bacillus anthracis spore protein ExsK in exosporium maturation and germination","volume":"16","author":"Severson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Oct"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.6.1903-1910.2003","article-title":"Identification of the immunodominant protein and other proteins of the Bacillus anthracis exosporium","volume":"185","author":"Steichen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5868","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.17.5868-5876.2005","article-title":"Characterization of the exosporium basal layer protein BxpB of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"187","author":"Steichen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.5.1555-1563.2003","article-title":"Polymorphism in the collagen-like region of the Bacillus anthracis BclA protein leads to variation in exosporium filament length","volume":"185","author":"Sylvestre","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5122","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.15.5122-5128.2005","article-title":"Contribution of ExsFA and ExsFB proteins to the localization of BclA on the spore surface and to the stability of the Bacillus anthracis exosporium","volume":"187","author":"Sylvestre","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.7.1883-1888.2000","article-title":"The Bacillus subtilis yabG gene is transcribed by SigK RNA polymerase during sporulation, and yabG mutant spores have altered coat protein composition","volume":"182","author":"Takamatsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01269-08","article-title":"Expression of yeeK during Bacillus subtilis sporulation and localization of YeeK to the inner spore coat using fluorescence microscopy","volume":"191","author":"Takamatsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.2.7.657-662.1968","article-title":"Transducing bacteriophage for Bacillus cereus","volume":"2","author":"Thorne","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.11.3373-3378.2003","article-title":"Genes of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis encoding proteins of the exosporium","volume":"185","author":"Todd","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-140-5-1001","article-title":"Prime time for Bacillus megaterium","volume":"140","author":"Vary","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2003.10.019","article-title":"A microtiter fluorometric assay to detect the germination of Bacillus anthracis spores and the germination inhibitory effects of antibodies","volume":"56","author":"Welkos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.2.566-569.2004","article-title":"Surface layer protein EA1 is not a component of Bacillus anthracis spores but is a persistent contaminant in spore preparations","volume":"186","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"J 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Bacteriol"}],"container-title":["Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.033407-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T14:35:49Z","timestamp":1605623749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.033407-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.033407-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-0872","1465-2080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-0872","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]}}}