{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T13:34:10Z","timestamp":1789652050152,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"abstract":"The alternative sigma factor \u03c3<\/jats:italic>\n E<\/jats:sup> (rpoE<\/jats:italic>) is essential for survival in vivo<\/jats:italic> of Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium but is dispensable during growth in the laboratory. We have been identifying \u03c3<\/jats:italic>\n E<\/jats:sup>-regulated genes and studying their regulation and function to elucidate their potential role in the severe attenuation of S.<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium rpoE<\/jats:italic> mutants. In this study we identify five promoters that control the rseP<\/jats:italic>, yaeT<\/jats:italic> (bamA<\/jats:italic>), skp<\/jats:italic> region. A confirmed \u03c3<\/jats:italic>\n E<\/jats:sup>-dependent promoter, yaeTp1<\/jats:italic>, and a second downstream promoter, yaeTp2<\/jats:italic>, are located within the upstream gene rseP<\/jats:italic> and direct expression of the downstream genes. The only known function of RseP is \u03c3<\/jats:italic>\n E<\/jats:sup> activation, and it is therefore not expected to be essential for S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium in vitro<\/jats:italic>. However, it proved impossible to delete the entire rseP<\/jats:italic> gene due to the presence of internal promoters that regulate the essential gene yaeT<\/jats:italic>. We could inactivate rseP<\/jats:italic> by deleting the first third of the gene, leaving the yaeT<\/jats:italic> promoters intact. Like the rpoE<\/jats:italic> mutant, the rseP<\/jats:italic> mutant exhibited severe attenuation in vivo<\/jats:italic>. We were able to delete the entire coding sequence of skp<\/jats:italic>, which encodes a periplasmic chaperone involved in targeting misfolded outer-membrane proteins to the \u03b2<\/jats:italic>-barrel assembly machinery. The skp<\/jats:italic> mutant was attenuated in mice after oral and parenteral infection. Virulence could be complemented by providing skp in trans<\/jats:italic> but only by linking it to a heterologous \u03c3<\/jats:italic>\n E<\/jats:sup>-regulated promoter. The reason the skp<\/jats:italic> mutant is attenuated is currently enigmatic, but we know it is not through increased sensitivity to a variety of RpoE-activating host stresses, such as H2<\/jats:sub>O2<\/jats:sub>, polymyxin B and high temperature, or through altered secretion of effector proteins by either the Salmonella<\/jats:italic> pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 or the SPI-2 type III secretion system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.046011-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,10]],"date-time":"2010-12-10T02:54:10Z","timestamp":1291949650000},"page":"848-858","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The periplasmic chaperone Skp is required for successful Salmonella Typhimurium infection in a murine typhoid model"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Gary","family":"Rowley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, 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