{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:28:28Z","timestamp":1791851308765,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Defence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium and is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever. Several rodent and non-human primate models of virulent phase I <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> [Nine Mile (NM)I] have been developed, and have been used to determine the efficacy of antibiotics and vaccine candidates. However, there are several advantages to using insect models to study host\u2013microbe interactions, such as reduced animal use, lowered cost and ease of manipulation in high containment. In addition, many laboratories use the avirulent phase II <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> clone (NMII) to study cellular interactions and identify novel virulence determinants using genetic manipulation. We report that larvae of the greater wax moth, <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>, were susceptible to infection with both <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> NMI and NMII. Following subcutaneous infection, we report that intracellular bacteria were present within haemocytes and that larval death occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, we have used the model to characterize the role of the type 4 secretion system in <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> NMII and to determine antibiotic efficacy in a non-mammalian model of disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.077230-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]],"date-time":"2014-03-28T07:55:34Z","timestamp":1395993334000},"page":"1175-1181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Galleria mellonella as an alternative model of Coxiella burnetii infection"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"I. H.","family":"Norville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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