{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:15:05Z","timestamp":1791843305426,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that is the most common cause of gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) in humans.<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>produces a variety of extracellular toxins that are thought to be the major virulence factors of the organism. However,<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>has recently been shown to have the ability to survive in a murine macrophage-like cell line, J774-33, even under aerobic conditions. In J774-33 cells,<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>can escape the phagosome and gain access to the cytoplasm. Since the receptor that is used for phagocytosis can determine the fate of an intracellular bacterium, we used a variety of inhibitors of specific receptors to identify those used by J774-33 cells to phagocytose<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>. It was found that the scavenger receptor and mannose receptor(s) were involved in the phagocytosis of<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>. In the presence of complement, the complement receptor (CR3) was also involved in the binding and\/or uptake of<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>. Since the receptor inhibition studies indicated that the scavenger receptor played a major role in phagocytosis,<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>binding studies were performed with a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line expressing the mouse SR-A receptor. The cell line expressing the SR-A receptor showed a significant increase in<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>binding in comparison to the non-transfected CHO cells. In the absence of opsonizing antibodies, the Fc receptor was not used to phagocytose<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>. Forcing the macrophages to use a specific receptor by using combinations of different receptor inhibitors led to only a slight increase in co-localization of intracellular<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>with the late endosome-lysosome marker LAMP-1. Carbohydrate analysis of<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>strain 13 extracellular polysaccharide confirmed the presence of mannose and negatively charged residues of glucuronic acid, which may provide the moieties that promote binding to the mannose and scavenger receptors, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26268-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,4]],"date-time":"2003-06-04T01:25:48Z","timestamp":1054689948000},"page":"1377-1386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Multiple effects on Clostridium perfringens binding, uptake and trafficking to lysosomes by inhibitors of macrophage phagocytosis receptors"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"David K.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, 2119 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Melville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, 2119 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.593","article-title":"Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages","volume":"17","author":"Aderem","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.5.1317","article-title":"Effects of Clostridium perfringens recombinant and crude phospholipase C and theta-toxin on rabbit hemodynamic parameters","volume":"172","author":"Asmuth","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.5.1916-1925.1997","article-title":"Growth within macrophages increases the efficiency of Mycobacterium avium in invading other macrophages by a complement receptor-independent pathway","volume":"65","author":"Bermudez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5394.1717","article-title":"Identification of two distinct mechanisms of phagocytosis controlled by different Rho GTPases","volume":"282","author":"Caron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.15.3.765-771.1977","article-title":"Capsular polysaccharide of Clostridium perfringens Hobbs 9","volume":"15","author":"Cherniak","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.8036","article-title":"Reduced expression of the macrophage scavenger receptors in macrophage-like cell mutants resistant to brefeldin A","volume":"243","author":"Ding","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"R7","first-page":"478","article-title":"General color reactions","volume":"1","author":"Dische","year":"1962","journal-title":"Methods Carbohydr Chem"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00299-9","article-title":"CR3: a general purpose adhesion-recognition receptor essential for innate immunity","volume":"2","author":"Ehlers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.64.1.85","article-title":"Regulation of mannose receptor synthesis and turnover in mouse J774 macrophages","volume":"64","author":"Fiani","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00297-5","article-title":"The role of scavenger receptors in the innate immune system","volume":"2","author":"Gough","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.12.4313","article-title":"Characterization of host cell-derived membrane proteins of the vacuole surrounding different intracellular forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in J774 cells. 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