{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:13:15Z","timestamp":1790935995155,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulism food poisoning is caused primarily by ingestion of the <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic> neurotoxin (BoNT). The 1300\u2005amino acid BoNT forms a progenitor toxin (PTX) that, when associated with a number of other proteins, increases its oral toxicity by protecting it from the low pH of the stomach and from intestinal proteases. One of these associated proteins, HA1, has also been suggested to be involved with internalization of the toxin into the bloodstream by binding to oligosaccharides lining the intestine. Here is reported the crystal structure of HA1 from type C <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic> at a resolution of 1\u00b77\u2005A\u030a. The protein consists of two <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-trefoil domains and bears structural similarities to the lectin B-chain from the deadly plant toxin ricin. Based on structural comparison to the ricin B-chain lactose-binding sites, residues of type A HA1 were selected and mutated. The D263A and N285A mutants lost the ability to bind carbohydrates containing galactose moieties, implicating these residues in carbohydrate binding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26586-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,8]],"date-time":"2003-12-08T21:38:53Z","timestamp":1070919533000},"page":"3361-3370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Structural analysis by X-ray crystallography and calorimetry of a haemagglutinin component (HA1) of the progenitor toxin from Clostridium botulinum"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Kaoru","family":"Inoue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenetic Section Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mack","family":"Sobhany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenetic Section Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Transue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiji","family":"Oguma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars C.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"},{"name":"Pharmacogenetic Section Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Negishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenetic Section Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444994003112","article-title":"The ccp4 suite: 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