{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:22:04Z","timestamp":1791354124277,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The genetic polymorphism of<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Borrelia afzelii<\/jats:italic>, two species that cause Lyme borreliosis, was estimated by sequence typing of four loci: the<jats:italic>rrs<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>rrlA<\/jats:italic>intergenic spacer (IGS) and the outer-membrane-protein gene<jats:italic>p66<\/jats:italic>on the chromosome, and the outer-membrane-protein genes<jats:italic>ospA<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>on plasmids. The major sources of DNA for PCR amplification and sequencing were samples of the<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>tick vector<jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>, collected at a field site in an endemic region of the north-eastern United States, and the<jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>vector<jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>, collected at a similar site in southern Sweden. The sequences were compared with those of reference strains and skin biopsy isolates, as well as database sequences. For<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, 10\u201313 alleles for each of the 4 loci, and a total of 9 distinct clonal lineages with linkage of all 4 loci, were found. For<jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>, 2 loci,<jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>and IGS, were examined, and 11 IGS genotypes, 12<jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>alleles, and a total of 9 linkage groups were identified. The genetic variants of<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>among samples from the field sites accounted for the greater part of the genetic diversity previously reported from larger areas of the north-eastern United States and central and northern Europe. Although<jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>alleles of both species had higher nucleotide diversity than other loci, the<jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>locus showed evidence of intragenic recombination and was unsuitable for phylogenetic inference. In contrast, there was no detectable recombination at the IGS locus of<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, beyond the signature nucleotides that specified 10 IGS genotypes, there were additional nucleotide polymorphisms that defined a total of 24 subtypes. Maximum-likelihood and parsimony cladograms of<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>aligned IGS sequences revealed the subtype sequences to be terminal branches of clades, and the existence of at least three monophyletic lineages within<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>. It is concluded that<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>have greater genetic diversity than had previously been estimated, and that the IGS locus alone is sufficient for strain typing and phylogenetic studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26944-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,7]],"date-time":"2004-06-07T21:16:31Z","timestamp":1086642991000},"page":"1741-1755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":289,"title":["Sequence typing reveals extensive strain diversity of the Lyme borreliosis agents Borrelia burgdorferi in North America and Borrelia afzelii in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Jonas","family":"Bunikis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Medicine, B240 Medical Sciences I, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, 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