{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:12:22Z","timestamp":1791843142923,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Current phylogenies of the intracellular bacteria belonging to the genus <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> identify six major clades (A\u2013F), termed \u2018supergroups\u2019, but the branching order of these supergroups remains unresolved. Supergroups A, B and E include most of the wolbachiae found thus far in arthropods, while supergroups C and D include most of those found in filarial nematodes. Members of supergroup F have been found in arthropods (i.e. termites), and have previously been detected in the nematode <jats:italic>Mansonella ozzardi<\/jats:italic>, a causative agent of human filariasis. To resolve the phylogenetic positions of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> from <jats:italic>Mansonella<\/jats:italic> spp., and other novel strains from the flea <jats:italic>Ctenocephalides felis<\/jats:italic> and the filarial nematode <jats:italic>Dipetalonema gracile<\/jats:italic>, the authors generated new DNA sequences of the <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> genes encoding citrate synthase (<jats:italic>gltA<\/jats:italic>), heat-shock protein 60 (<jats:italic>groEL<\/jats:italic>), and the cell division protein <jats:italic>ftsZ<\/jats:italic>. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the designation of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> from <jats:italic>Mansonella<\/jats:italic> spp. as a member of the F supergroup. In addition, it was found that divergent lineages from <jats:italic>Dip. gracile<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cte. felis<\/jats:italic> lack any clear affiliation with known supergroups, indicating further genetic diversity within the <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> genus. Finally, although the data generated did not permit clear resolution of the root of the global <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> tree, the results suggest that the transfer of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> spp. from arthropods to nematodes (or vice versa) probably occurred more than once.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28313-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]],"date-time":"2005-12-09T21:32:50Z","timestamp":1134163970000},"page":"4015-4022","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":221,"title":["Phylogeny of Wolbachia pipientis based on gltA, groEL and ftsZ gene sequences: clustering of arthropod and nematode symbionts in the F supergroup, and evidence for further diversity in the Wolbachia tree"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Casiraghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Patologia Generale e Parassitologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. R.","family":"Bordenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Baldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Patologia Generale e Parassitologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Beninati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Patologia Generale e Parassitologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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