{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T20:29:37Z","timestamp":1765484977349},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> L2 was used to infect BGMK cells at an m.o.i. of 1.0, and the developmental cycle was followed by transmission electron microscopy and quantitative PCR (QPCR) for both chromosomal and plasmid DNA. Samples were taken at sequential 6\u2005h time points. Subsequent analysis by QPCR showed that there was an initial slow replication period (0\u201318\u2005h), followed by a rapid phase (18\u201336\u2005h) coinciding with exponential division when the DNA doubling time was 4.6\u2005h. Chromosomal DNA was amplified 100\u2013200-fold corresponding to 7\u20138 generations for the complete developmental cycle. Penicillin (10 and 100\u2005units\u2005ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) was added to cultures at 20\u2005h post-infection (p.i.). This blocked binary fission and also prevented reticulate body (RB) to elementary body transition. However, exposure to penicillin did not prevent chromosomal or plasmid DNA replication. After a short lag period, following the addition of penicillin, chlamydial chromosomal DNA replication resumed at the same rate as in control <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>-infected cells. <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>-infected host cells exposed to penicillin did not lyse, but instead harboured large, aberrant RBs in massive inclusions that completely filled the cell cytoplasm. In these RBs, the DNA continued to replicate well beyond the end of the normal developmental cycle. At 60\u2005h p.i. each aberrant RB contained a minimum of 16 chromosomal copies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.29032-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]],"date-time":"2006-08-31T20:32:03Z","timestamp":1157056323000},"page":"2573-2578","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["The effect of penicillin on Chlamydia trachomatis DNA replication"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Lambden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology Group, University of Southampton Medical School, MP814, Southampton General Hospital, Hampshire SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Pickett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology Group, University of Southampton Medical School, MP814, Southampton General Hospital, Hampshire SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian N.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology Group, University of Southampton Medical School, MP814, Southampton General Hospital, Hampshire SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Fine structure of lymphogranuloma venereum agent and the effects of penicillin and 5\u2032 fluorouracil","volume":"129","author":"Armstrong","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.151.1.420-428.1982","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis has penicillin-binding proteins but not detectable muramic acid","volume":"151","author":"Barbour","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.58.4.686-699.1994","article-title":"Persistent chlamydiae: from cell culture to a paradigm for chlamydial pathogenesis","volume":"58","author":"Beatty","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.2.708-715.2000","article-title":"Identification of an antigen localized to an apparent septum within dividing chlamydiae","volume":"68","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1988.tb03147.x","article-title":"Effects of penicillin on the synthesis of membrane proteins of the Chlamydia trachomatis LGV2 serotype","volume":"56","author":"Cevenini","year":"1988","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-10-2673","article-title":"Antibiotics, peptidoglycan synthesis and genomics: the chlamydial anomaly revisited","volume":"144","author":"Chopra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02123623","article-title":"Ultrastructural effect of penicillin and cycloheximide on Chlamydia trachomatis strain HAR-13","volume":"171","author":"Clark","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02973.x","article-title":"Stable cloning of the amino terminus of the 60\u2005kDa outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L1","volume":"51","author":"Clarke","year":"1988","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.67.1.52-65.2003","article-title":"Cytokinesis in bacteria","volume":"67","author":"Errington","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.10.2339","article-title":"Lack of cell wall peptidoglycan versus penicillin sensitivity: new insights into the chlamydial anomaly","volume":"43","author":"Ghuysen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.9.4053","article-title":"Analysis of the entire nucleotide sequence of the cryptic plasmid of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L1. Evidence for involvement in DNA replication","volume":"16","author":"Hatt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.1843-1855.2004","article-title":"Chlamydial persistence: beyond the biphasic paradigm","volume":"72","author":"Hogan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/3.1.49","article-title":"The effect of penicillin on genital strains of Chlamydia trachomatis in tissue culture","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.3.2.333-341.1971","article-title":"Ultra structural analysis of the effects of penicillin and chlortetracycline on the development of genital tract Chlamydia","volume":"3","author":"Kramer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.8.3464-3469.2000","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a bacteriophage (Chp2) from Chlamydia psittaci","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)01182-5","article-title":"Development of a quantitative gene expression assay for Chlamydia trachomatis identified temporal expression of \u03c3 factors","volume":"458","author":"Mathews","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.101.1.278-285.1970","article-title":"Electron microscopic observations on the effects of penicillin on the morphology of Chlamydia psittaci","volume":"101","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2005.12.004","article-title":"Building the invisible wall: updating the chlamydial peptidoglycan anomaly","volume":"14","author":"McCoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"R19","first-page":"87","article-title":"Why is Chlamydia sensitive to penicillin in the absence of peptidoglycan?","volume":"2","author":"Moulder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Agents Dis"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(84)90122-9","article-title":"Ultrastructure of Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the mouse oviduct","volume":"88","author":"Phillips","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Ultrastruct Res"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27625-0","article-title":"The plasmids of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydophila pneumoniae (N16): accurate determination of copy number and the paradoxical effect of plasmid-curing agents","volume":"151","author":"Pickett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"R22","first-page":"403","article-title":"The chlamydial developmental cycle","volume-title":"Prokaryotic Development","author":"Rockey","year":"2000"},{"key":"R23","first-page":"997","article-title":"Developmental regulation of the cysteine-rich outer-membrane proteins of murine Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"134","author":"Sardinia","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.69.4.585-607.2005","article-title":"Bacterial cell wall synthesis: new insights from localization studies","volume":"69","author":"Scheffers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02057.x","article-title":"Three temporal classes of gene expression during the Chlamydia trachomatis developmental cycle","volume":"37","author":"Shaw","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.48.2.592-596.1985","article-title":"Inhibition of growth of Chlamydia trachomatis by human gamma interferon","volume":"48","author":"Shemer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200401044","article-title":"Shotgun proteomic analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"5","author":"Skipp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.754","article-title":"Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans: Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"282","author":"Stephens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.1.303-305.2001","article-title":"Affinities of \u03b2 -lactams for penicillin binding proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis and their antichlamydial activities","volume":"45","author":"Storey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071800","article-title":"Chlamydial classification, development and structure","volume":"39","author":"Ward","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-140-8-2003","article-title":"Immunoreactivity of the 60\u2005kDa cysteine-rich proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis , Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pneumoniae expressed in Escherichia coli","volume":"140","author":"Watson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulm.2003.09.001","article-title":"Use of a quantitative gene expression assay based on micro-array techniques and a mathematical model for the investigation of chlamydial generation time","volume":"66","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"}],"container-title":["Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.29032-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T18:28:37Z","timestamp":1604946517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.29032-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.29032-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-0872","1465-2080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-0872","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}}}