{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:30:38Z","timestamp":1783593038551,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The PA-X protein, arising from ribosomal frameshift during PA translation, was recently discovered in influenza A virus (IAV). The C-terminal domain \u2018X\u2019 of PA-X proteins in IAVs can be classified as full-length (61\u200aaa) or truncated (41\u200aaa). In the main, avian influenza viruses express full-length PA-X proteins, whilst 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza viruses harbour truncated PA proteins. The truncated form lacks aa\u2009232\u2013252 of the full-length PA-X protein. The significance of PA-X length in virus function remains unclear. To address this issue, we constructed a set of contemporary influenza viruses (pH1N1, avian H5N1 and H9N2) with full and truncated PA-X by reverse genetics to compare their replication and host pathogenicity. All full-length PA-X viruses in human A549 cells conferred 10- to 100-fold increase in viral replication and 5\u20138\u2009% increase in apoptosis relative to corresponding truncated PA-X viruses. Full-length PA-X viruses were more virulent and caused more severe inflammatory responses in mice. Furthermore, aa\u2009233\u2013252 at the C terminus of PA-X strongly suppressed co-transfected gene expression by \u223c50\u2009%, suggesting that these terminal 20\u200aaa could play a role in enhancing viral replication and contribute to virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,16]],"date-time":"2015-04-16T03:46:23Z","timestamp":1429155983000},"page":"2036-2049","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Twenty amino acids at the C-terminus of PA-X are associated with increased influenza A virus replication and pathogenicity"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Huijie","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR 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