{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T05:51:50Z","timestamp":1770011510069,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Coxsackievirus B3 (CBV3) is a member of the human enterovirus B species and a common human pathogen. Even though much is known about the enteroviral life cycle, no specific drugs are available to treat enterovirus infections. RNA interference (RNAi) has evolved to be an important tool for antiviral experimental therapies and gene function studies. We describe here a novel approach for RNAi against CBVs by using a short interfering (siRNA) pool covering 3.5\u2005kb of CBV3 genomic sequence. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) of bacteriophage <jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic>6 was used to synthesize long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from a cloned region (nt 3837\u20137399) of the CBV3 genome. The dsRNA was cleaved using Dicer, purified and introduced to cells by transfection. The siRNA pool synthesized using the <jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic>6 RdRP (<jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic>6\u2013siRNAs) was considerably more effective than single-site siRNAs. The <jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic>6\u2013siRNA pool also inhibited replication of other enterovirus B species, such as coxsackievirus B4 and coxsackievirus A9.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.011338-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,14]],"date-time":"2009-09-14T18:36:17Z","timestamp":1252953377000},"page":"2468-2473","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Inhibition of coxsackievirus B3 and related enteroviruses by antiviral short interfering RNA pools produced using \u03c66 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Michaela","family":"Nyg\u00e5rdas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tytti","family":"Vuorinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti P.","family":"Aalto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Biocenter 2, Viikinkaari 5, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis H.","family":"Bamford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Biocenter 2, Viikinkaari 5, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veijo","family":"Hukkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Aapistie 5A, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.348307","article-title":"Large-scale production of dsRNA and siRNA pools for RNA interference utilizing bacteriophage \u03c6 6 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase","volume":"13","author":"Aalto","year":"2007","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8620","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8620-8624.2005","article-title":"A small interfering RNA targeting coxsackievirus B3 protects permissive HeLa cells from viral challenge","volume":"79","author":"Ahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91837-4","article-title":"Detection of Coxsackie-B-virus-specific RNA sequences in myocardial biopsy samples from patients with myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"1","author":"Bowles","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth912","article-title":"Enzymatically prepared RNAi libraries","volume":"3","author":"Buchholz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.035","article-title":"Origins and mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs","volume":"136","author":"Carthew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07758","article-title":"The promises and pitfalls of RNA-interference-based therapeutics","volume":"457","author":"Castanotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-008-0363-x","article-title":"Cardiac-targeted RNA interference mediated by an AAV9 vector improves cardiac function in coxsackievirus B3 cardiomyopathy","volume":"86","author":"Fechner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00873","article-title":"Short interfering RNA confers intracellular antiviral immunity in human cells","volume":"418","author":"Gitlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1369","article-title":"RNA interference against viruses: strike and counterstrike","volume":"25","author":"Haasnoot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"R10","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of Coxsackievirus infections. 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