{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:50:31Z","timestamp":1787010631132,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of serious respiratory tract disease in children and calves; however, RSV vaccine development has been slow due to early observations that formalin-inactivated vaccines induced Th2-type immune responses and led to disease enhancement upon subsequent exposure. Hence, there is a need for novel adjuvants that will promote a protective Th1-type or balanced immune response against RSV. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), indolicidin, and polyphosphazene were examined for their ability to enhance antigen-specific immune responses and influence the Th-bias when co-formulated with a recombinant truncated bovine RSV (BRSV) fusion protein (\u0394F). Mice immunized with \u0394F co-formulated with CpG ODN, indolicidin, and polyphosphazene (\u0394F\/CpG\/indol\/PP) developed higher levels of \u0394F-specific serum IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies when compared with \u0394F alone, and displayed an increase in the frequency of gamma interferon-secreting cells and decreased interleukin (IL)-5 production by\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    restimulated splenocytes, characteristic of a Th1 immune response. These results were observed in both C57BL\/6 and BALB\/c strains of mice. When evaluated in a BRSV challenge model, mice immunized with \u0394F\/CpG\/indol\/PP developed significantly higher levels of BRSV-neutralizing serum antibodies than mice immunized with the \u0394F protein alone, and displayed significantly less pulmonary IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin and reduced eosinophilia after challenge. These results suggest that co-formulation of \u0394F with CpG ODN, host defence peptide and polyphosphazene may result in a safe and effective vaccine for the prevention of BRSV and may have implications for the development of novel human RSV vaccines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.011684-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,10]],"date-time":"2009-07-10T14:38:34Z","timestamp":1247236714000},"page":"1892-1905","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Formulation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, cationic host defence peptide and polyphosphazene enhances humoral and cellular responses and induces a protective type 1 immune response in mice"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Kovacs-Nolan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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