{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:21:12Z","timestamp":1790299272753,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite utilizing the same avian hosts and mosquito vectors, St Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) display dissimilar vector-infectivity and vertebrate-pathogenic phenotypes. SLEV exhibits a low oral infection threshold for <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> mosquito vectors and is avirulent in avian hosts, producing low-magnitude viraemias. In contrast, WNV is less orally infective to mosquitoes and elicits high-magnitude viraemias in a wide range of avian species. In order to identify the genetic determinants of these different phenotypes and to assess the utility of mosquito and vertebrate cell lines for recapitulating <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> differences observed between these viruses, reciprocal WNV and SLEV pre-membrane and envelope protein (prME) chimeric viruses were generated and growth of these mutant viruses was characterized in mammalian (Vero), avian (duck) and mosquito [<jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> (C6\/36) and <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> (CT)] cells. In both vertebrate lines, WNV grew to 100-fold higher titres than SLEV, and growth and cytopathogenicity phenotypes, determined by chimeric phenotypes, were modulated by genetic elements outside the prME gene region. Both chimeras exhibited distinctive growth patterns from those of SLEV in C6\/36 cells, indicating the role of both structural and non-structural gene regions for growth in this cell line. In contrast, growth of chimeric viruses was indistinguishable from that of virus containing homologous prME genes in CT cells, indicating that structural genetic elements could specifically dictate growth differences of these viruses in relevant vectors. These data provide genetic insight into divergent enzootic maintenance strategies that could also be useful for the assessment of emergence mechanisms of closely related flaviviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.033159-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,23]],"date-time":"2011-09-23T00:43:12Z","timestamp":1316738592000},"page":"39-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Structural gene (prME) chimeras of St Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus exhibit altered in vitro cytopathic and growth phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Payal D.","family":"Maharaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-borne Disease Research and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Anishchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-borne Disease Research and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley A.","family":"Langevin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-borne Disease Research and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-borne Disease Research and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Reisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-borne Disease Research and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Brault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-borne Disease Research and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.07.006"},{"key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20092545"},{"key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2008.02.015"},{"key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000856"},{"key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040486","article-title":"Differential virulence of West Nile strains for American crows","volume":"10","author":"Brault","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2097"},{"key":"r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0150"},{"key":"r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.3095-3101.1999","article-title":"Yellow fever\/Japanese encephalitis chimeric viruses: construction and biological properties","volume":"73","author":"Chambers","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-429740-1.50028-X","article-title":"A comparison of amino acid utilization by cell lines of Culex tarsalis and Culex pipiens","volume-title":"Invertebrate Tissue Culture: Applications in Medicine, Biology and Agriculture","author":"Chao","year":"1976"},{"key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.019851-0"},{"key":"r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605668103"},{"key":"r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83061-0"},{"key":"r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007876"},{"key":"r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712130105"},{"key":"r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.02.013"},{"key":"r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020536","article-title":"Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"8","author":"Goddard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.1"},{"key":"r18","first-page":"145","article-title":"Experimental studies on infection in vectors","volume-title":"Epidemiology and Control of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in California, 1943\u20131987","author":"Hardy","year":"1990"},{"key":"r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(90)90072-J"},{"key":"r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.7.3020-3028.2000"},{"key":"r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.01046.x"},{"key":"r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2003.00438.x"},{"key":"r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.89","article-title":"Analysis of the replication kinetics of the ChimeriVax-DEN 1, 2, 3, 4 tetravalent virus mixture in Aedes aegypti by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction","volume":"70","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406983101"},{"key":"r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8500"},{"key":"r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82299-0"},{"key":"r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020628","article-title":"Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus","volume":"9","author":"Komar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00220-08"},{"key":"r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.99","article-title":"Variation in virulence of West Nile virus strains for house sparrows (Passer domesticus)","volume":"72","author":"Langevin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01161-09"},{"key":"r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.22.12225-12235.2004"},{"key":"r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.5.2396-2404.2006"},{"key":"r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.5.965"},{"key":"r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/14.1.107","article-title":"Growth of arboviruses and other viruses in a continuous line of Culex tarsalis cells","volume":"14","author":"Main","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.1158","article-title":"Manipulation of the yellow fever virus non-structural genes 2A and 4B and the 3\u2032non-coding region to evaluate genetic determinants of viral dissemination from the Aedes aegypti midgut","volume":"75","author":"McElroy","year":"2006a","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82023-0"},{"key":"r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.365","article-title":"A newly emergent genotype of West Nile virus is transmitted earlier and more efficiently by Culex mosquitoes","volume":"77","author":"Moudy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.4.1746"},{"key":"r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.21.10532"},{"key":"r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21587"},{"key":"r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.3.300"},{"key":"r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.5.978"},{"key":"r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2005)042[0367:AHAMDC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2006)043[0309:EOTOTT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2008)45[1126:DVICDC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2008)45[494:PWNVTA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2307\/40168051","article-title":"Introduction, spread and present abundance of the house sparrow in North America","volume":"14","author":"Robbins","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ornithol Monogr"},{"key":"r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.02.009"},{"key":"r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.026997-0","article-title":"Replacement of the 3\u2032 untranslated variable region of mosquito-borne dengue virus with that of tick-borne Langat virus does not alter vector specificity","volume":"92","author":"Tumban","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.03.007"},{"key":"r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00226-08"},{"key":"r52","first-page":"165","article-title":"West Nile virus capsid protein induces p53-mediated apoptosis via the sequestration of HDM2 to the nucleolus","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/vir.0.033159-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T23:19:13Z","timestamp":1603754353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/vir.0.033159-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.033159-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1317","1465-2099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1317","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]}}}