{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:02:26Z","timestamp":1790974946085,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide 3G; A3G) exerts antiviral activity against retroviruses, hepatitis B virus, adeno-associated virus and transposable elements. We assessed whether the negative-strand RNA viruses measles, mumps and respiratory syncytial might be affected by A3G, and found that their infectivity was reduced by 1\u20132 logs (90\u201399\u200a%) in A3G overexpressing Vero cells, and in T-cell lines expressing A3G at physiological levels. Viral RNA was co-precipitated with HA-tagged A3G and could be amplified by RT-PCR. Interestingly, A3G reduced viral transcription and protein expression in infected cells by 50\u201370\u200a%, and caused an increased mutation frequency of 0.95 mutations per 1000 nt in comparison to the background level of 0.22\/1000. The observed mutations were not specific for A3G [cytidine to uridine (C\u2192U) or guanine to adenine (G\u2192A) hypermutations], nor specific for ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA, A\u2192G and U\u2192C transitions, with preference for next neighbour-nucleotides U\u200a=\u200aA&gt;C&gt;G). In addition, A3G mutants with inactivated catalytic deaminase (H257R and E259Q) were inhibitory, indicating that the deaminase activity is not required for the observed antiviral activity. In combination, impaired transcription and increased mutation frequencies are sufficient to cause the observed reduction in viral infectivity and eliminate virus replication within a few passages in A3G-expressing cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.038919-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]],"date-time":"2011-12-15T04:53:27Z","timestamp":1323924807000},"page":"565-576","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["The innate antiviral factor APOBEC3G targets replication of measles, mumps and respiratory syncytial viruses"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Fehrholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Kendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Prifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Weissbrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Lemon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen\u2019s University of Belfast, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Rennick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Duprex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bert K.","family":"Rima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen\u2019s University of Belfast, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fransje A.","family":"Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, King\u2019s College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca K.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, King\u2019s College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Malim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, King\u2019s College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Schneider-Schaulies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.12.022"},{"key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1579"},{"key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.03.009"},{"key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135501"},{"key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100658"},{"key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00839-06"},{"key":"r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000231"},{"key":"r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21187"},{"key":"r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01491-09"},{"key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02237-06"},{"key":"r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90048-7"},{"key":"r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.013946-0"},{"key":"r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M801004200"},{"key":"r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.01.031"},{"key":"r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11093501"},{"key":"r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03493"},{"key":"r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604524103"},{"key":"r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-6-229"},{"key":"r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6916","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.8.6916-6922.1999","article-title":"The H gene of rodent brain-adapted measles virus confers neurovirulence to the Edmonston vaccine strain","volume":"73","author":"Duprex","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02287-06"},{"key":"r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00287-08"},{"key":"r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.22.10508-10513.2000"},{"key":"r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000095"},{"key":"r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00423-9"},{"key":"r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.13.6743-6749.2002"},{"key":"r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2007.01.004"},{"key":"r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03822.x","article-title":"Full-length sequence analysis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus, a mutant of measles virus, isolated from brain tissues of a patient shortly after onset of SSPE","volume":"50","author":"Hotta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02795-06"},{"key":"r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000330"},{"key":"r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm750"},{"key":"r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.17.7973-7986.2001"},{"key":"r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.9.5870-5874.2005"},{"key":"r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-48"},{"key":"r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01089-09"},{"key":"r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601901200"},{"key":"r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083338"},{"key":"r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01709"},{"key":"r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90328-3"},{"key":"r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.12.068"},{"key":"r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2007.02.011"},{"key":"r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-38"},{"key":"r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051512"},{"key":"r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki504"},{"key":"r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.03.020"},{"key":"r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5773","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00266.x","article-title":"Rescue of measles viruses from cloned DNA","volume":"14","author":"Radecke","year":"1995","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83106-0"},{"key":"r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02453-05"},{"key":"r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4530","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.7.4530","article-title":"STAT1-independent cell type-specific regulation of antiviral APOBEC3G by IFN-\u03b1","volume":"177","author":"Sarkis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00939"},{"key":"r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm945"},{"key":"r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(03)00353-8"},{"key":"r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M610138200"},{"key":"r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02138-10"},{"key":"r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405761200"},{"key":"r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.12.192"},{"key":"r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092066"},{"key":"r58","first-page":"193","article-title":"APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G have no inhibition and hypermutation effect on the human influenza A virus","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C600253200"},{"key":"r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020041"},{"key":"r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089591"},{"key":"r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.21.12058-12061.2004"},{"key":"r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01707"},{"key":"r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00846-09"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/vir.0.038919-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T23:29:55Z","timestamp":1603754995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/vir.0.038919-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.038919-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1317","1465-2099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1317","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]}}}