{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T08:38:20Z","timestamp":1767861500581,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), the causative agent of equine infectious anaemia (EIA), possesses the least-complex genomic organization of any known extant lentivirus. Despite this relative genetic simplicity, all of the complete genomic sequences published to date are derived from just two viruses, namely the North American EIAV<jats:sub>WYOMING<\/jats:sub>(EIAV<jats:sub>WY<\/jats:sub>) and Chinese EIAV<jats:sub>LIAONING<\/jats:sub>(EIAV<jats:sub>LIA<\/jats:sub>) strains. In 2006, an outbreak of EIA occurred in Ireland, apparently as a result of the importation of contaminated horse plasma from Italy and subsequent iatrogenic transmission to foals. This EIA outbreak was characterized by cases of severe, sometimes fatal, disease. To begin to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this pathogenic phenotype, complete proviral genomic sequences in the form of 12 overlapping PCR-generated fragments were obtained from four of the EIAV-infected animals, including two of the index cases. Sequence analysis of multiple molecular clones produced from each fragment demonstrated the extent of diversity within individual viral genes and permitted construction of consensus whole-genome sequences for each of the four viral isolates. In addition, complete<jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic>gene sequences were obtained from 11 animals with differing clinical profiles, despite exposure to a common EIAV source. Although the overall genomic organization of the Irish EIAV isolates was typical of that seen in all other strains, the European viruses possessed \u226480\u200a% nucleotide sequence identity with either EIAV<jats:sub>WY<\/jats:sub>or EIAV<jats:sub>LIA<\/jats:sub>. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis suggested that the Irish EIAV isolates developed independently of the North American and Chinese viruses and that they constitute a separate monophyletic group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.047191-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]],"date-time":"2012-11-23T01:45:15Z","timestamp":1353635115000},"page":"612-622","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Genetic characterization by composite sequence analysis of a new pathogenic field strain of equine infectious anemia virus from the 2006 outbreak in Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Quinlivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gluck Equine Research Centre, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40545, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Kenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Callinan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Cullinane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0524924"},{"key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.4421-4426.1998","article-title":"Biological characterization of Rev variation in equine infectious anemia virus","volume":"72","author":"Belshan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X363314"},{"key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.11.011"},{"key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01311-10"},{"key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.65.7.3460-3467.1991","article-title":"Identification of lentivirus Tat functional domains through generation of equine infectious anemia virus\/human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat gene chimeras","volume":"65","author":"Carroll","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.65.7.3468-3474.1991","article-title":"Mutational analysis of the equine infectious anemia virus Tat-responsive element","volume":"65","author":"Carvalho","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M509317200"},{"key":"r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.2.1383-1393.1998","article-title":"Development and characterization of an in vivo pathogenic molecular clone of equine infectious anemia virus","volume":"72","author":"Cook","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.11.005"},{"key":"r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.04.007"},{"key":"r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.09.040"},{"key":"r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706449104"},{"key":"r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-95"},{"key":"r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.161.19.647"},{"key":"r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1998.2332"},{"key":"r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1707186"},{"key":"r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1291"},{"key":"r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/416128"},{"key":"r20","article-title":"Geneious v5.6","author":"Drummond","year":"2012"},{"key":"r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(06)00332-0"},{"key":"r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00418-08"},{"key":"r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6361","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.66.11.6361-6369.1992","article-title":"Identification of conserved amino acid residues critical for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase function in vitro","volume":"66","author":"Engelman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg563"},{"key":"r25","first-page":"23","article-title":"Propagation of equine infectious anemia virus in horse cell cultures","volume":"32","author":"Gradinaru","year":"1981","journal-title":"Virologie"},{"key":"r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-75-3-657"},{"key":"r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.13.5968-5981.2000"},{"key":"r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.7.3889","article-title":"Differential requirements for alternative splicing and nuclear export functions of equine infectious anemia virus Rev protein","volume":"18","author":"Harris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1973.34.12.1583","article-title":"Role of horse fly (Tabanus fuscicostatus Hine) and stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) in transmission of equine infectious anemia to ponies in Louisiana","volume":"34","author":"Hawkins","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/23.20.4058"},{"key":"r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.61.10.2956-2961.1987","article-title":"Antigenic analysis of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) variants by using monoclonal antibodies: epitopes of glycoprotein gp90 of EIAV stimulate neutralizing antibodies","volume":"61","author":"Hussain","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1979.174.07.727","article-title":"Equine infectious anemia: current knowledge","volume":"174","author":"Issel","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1982.180.03.272","article-title":"Transmission of equine infectious anemia virus from horses without clinical signs of disease","volume":"180","author":"Issel","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"r34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serial passages of equine infectious anemia virus in horse leukocyte culture","volume":"7","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1967","journal-title":"Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo)"},{"key":"r35","first-page":"113","article-title":"Immunization of horses against equine infectious anemia (EIA) with an attenuated EIA virus","volume":"10","author":"Kono","year":"1970","journal-title":"Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo)"},{"key":"r36","first-page":"8","article-title":"Recrudescence of equine infectious anemia by treatment with immunosuppressive drugs","volume":"16","author":"Kono","year":"1976","journal-title":"Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo)"},{"key":"r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm404"},{"key":"r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.8.3844-3852.2006"},{"key":"r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9627","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.12.9627-9639.1997","article-title":"Novel and dynamic evolution of equine infectious anemia virus genomic quasispecies associated with sequential disease cycles in an experimentally infected pony","volume":"71","author":"Leroux","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.10.4570-4583.2001"},{"key":"r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.1.573-579.2000"},{"key":"r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.4.1569-1577.2002"},{"key":"r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-005-0718-3"},{"key":"r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.6.3346-3354.1996","article-title":"Genomic quasispecies associated with the initiation of infection and disease in ponies experimentally infected with equine infectious anemia virus","volume":"70","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01250717"},{"key":"r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.3.1998-2001.1994","article-title":"Posttranscriptional effector domains in the Rev proteins of feline immunodeficiency virus and equine infectious anemia virus","volume":"68","author":"Mancuso","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.5.3102-3111.1994","article-title":"Equine infectious anemia virus trans-regulatory protein Rev controls viral mRNA stability, accumulation, and alternative splicing","volume":"68","author":"Martarano","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.0144"},{"key":"r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.4.2385-2399.2003"},{"key":"r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/18.14.4105"},{"key":"r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-11-2735","article-title":"Equine infectious anaemia virus proteins with epitopes most frequently recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes from infected horses","volume":"81","author":"McGuire","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti459"},{"key":"r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X363305"},{"key":"r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-75-2-425"},{"key":"r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4085","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.66.7.4085-4097.1992","article-title":"The surface envelope protein gene region of equine infectious anemia virus is not an important determinant of tropism in vitro","volume":"66","author":"Perry","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6541","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.9.6541-6546.1997","article-title":"Equine infectious anemia virus utilizes a YXXL motif within the late assembly domain of the Gag p9 protein","volume":"71","author":"Puffer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10218","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.12.10218-10221.1998","article-title":"Equine infectious anemia virus Gag polyprotein late domain specifically recruits cellular AP-2 adapter protein complexes during virion assembly","volume":"72","author":"Puffer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.18.611"},{"key":"r59","first-page":"365","article-title":"Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers","volume":"132","author":"Rozen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.08.084"},{"key":"r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.01.037"},{"key":"r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1347"},{"key":"r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3003905"},{"key":"r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150290102384"},{"key":"r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214503000215"},{"key":"r66","first-page":"512","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"Tamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404206101"},{"key":"r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-006-0830-z"},{"key":"r69","first-page":"331","article-title":"Sur la nature infectieuse de l\u2019an\u00e9mie du cheval","volume":"139","author":"Valle\u00e9","year":"1904","journal-title":"C R Acad Sci"},{"key":"r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00064a019"},{"key":"r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-008-0317-y"},{"key":"r72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.09.1469","article-title":"Studies with equine infectious anemia virus: transmission attempts by mosquitoes and survival of virus on vector mouthparts and hypodermic needles, and in mosquito tissue culture","volume":"42","author":"Williams","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"r73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-9-2189","article-title":"Characterization of the equine infectious anaemia virus S2 protein","volume":"81","author":"Yoon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"r74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-4-807","article-title":"Insertions, duplications and substitutions in restricted gp90 regions of equine infectious anaemia virus during febrile episodes in an experimentally infected horse","volume":"78","author":"Zheng","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(00)00147-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/vir.0.047191-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T16:12:08Z","timestamp":1745338328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/vir.0.047191-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.047191-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1317","1465-2099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1317","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]}}}