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The distribution of viral-specific antigen in the neurons varied: TBEV infection induced accumulation of viral antigen in the neuronal dendrites to a greater extent than infection with other viruses. Viral structural proteins, non-structural proteins and dsRNA were detected in regions in which viral antigens accumulated in dendrites after TBEV replication. Replication of a TBEV replicon after infection with virus-like particles of TBEV also induced antigen accumulation, indicating that accumulated viral antigen was the result of viral RNA replication. Furthermore, electron microscopy confirmed that TBEV replication induced characteristic ultrastructural membrane alterations in the neurites: newly formed laminal membrane structures containing virion-like structures. This is the first report describing viral replication in and ultrastructural alterations of neuronal dendrites, which may cause neuronal dysfunction. These findings encourage further work aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms of viral replication in the brain and the pathogenicity of neurotropic flaviviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.061432-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,7]],"date-time":"2014-01-07T03:32:19Z","timestamp":1389065539000},"page":"849-861","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Tick-borne flaviviruses alter membrane structure and replicate in dendrites of primary mouse neuronal cultures"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Minato","family":"Hirano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Yoshii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 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