{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:20:33Z","timestamp":1791296433365,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has significantly expanded its geographical and host range since its 1999 introduction into North America. The underlying mechanisms of evolution of WNV and other arboviruses are still poorly understood. Studies evaluating virus adaptation and fitness in relevant<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>systems are largely lacking. In order to evaluate the capacity for host-specific adaptation and the genetic correlates of adaptation<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, this study measured phenotypic and genotypic changes in WNV resulting from passage in<jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>mosquitoes. An increase in replicative ability of WNV in<jats:italic>C. pipiens<\/jats:italic>was attained for the two lineages of WNV tested. This adaptation for replication in mosquitoes did not result in a replicative cost in chickens, but did decrease cell-to-cell spread of virus in vertebrate cell culture. Genetic analyses of one mosquito-adapted lineage revealed a total of nine consensus nucleotide substitutions with no accumulation of a significant mutant spectrum. These results differed significantly from previous<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>studies. When St Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), a closely related flavivirus, was passaged in<jats:italic>C. pipiens<\/jats:italic>, moderately attenuated growth in<jats:italic>C. pipiens<\/jats:italic>was observed for two lineages tested. These results suggest that significant differences in the capacity for mosquito adaptation may exist between WNV and SLEV, and demonstrate that further comparative studies in relevant<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>systems will help elucidate the still largely unknown mechanisms of arboviral adaptation in ecologically relevant hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/000893-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,17]],"date-time":"2008-06-17T15:47:30Z","timestamp":1213717650000},"page":"1633-1642","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Characterization of mosquito-adapted West Nile virus"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Alexander T.","family":"Ciota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy 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