{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T18:10:59Z","timestamp":1761675059022},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Poxvirus interleukin (IL)-18 binding proteins (IL-18BPs) are soluble decoys that inhibit the activity of IL-18. The aim of this study was to demonstrate IL-18 binding activity of the<jats:italic>Variola virus<\/jats:italic>protein D7L. D7L effectively inhibited the biological activity of IL-18 in a bioassay. We compared the affinity and kinetics of D7L and the<jats:italic>Ectromelia virus<\/jats:italic>IL-18BP, p13, for human and murine IL-18 using surface plasmon resonance and no differences were detected, indicating that the differences in amino acid sequence did not affect binding or species specificity. Both proteins had higher affinity for murine than human IL-18. This was similar to human IL-18BP and the<jats:italic>Molluscum contagiosum virus<\/jats:italic>IL-18BP, which also demonstrated higher affinity for human IL-18. The host range of<jats:italic>Variola virus<\/jats:italic>is limited to humans and thus the affinity of D7L for IL-18 does not correlate with its host range. Furthermore, we demonstrated that D7L is capable of interacting with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) via the C terminus, while p13 is not. Importantly, D7L interacted with both GAG and IL-18 simultaneously, indicating that the binding sites were distinct.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.79902-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,22]],"date-time":"2004-04-22T21:53:02Z","timestamp":1082670782000},"page":"1291-1299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Interleukin-18 and glycosaminoglycan binding by a protein encoded by Variola virus"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"David J.","family":"Esteban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St Louis University Health Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony A.","family":"Nuara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Louis University Health Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Mark L.","family":"Buller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Louis University Health Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)00148-9","article-title":"Cloning and expression of interleukin-18 binding protein","volume":"445","author":"Aizawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)00051-5","article-title":"The role of IL-18 in innate immunity","volume":"12","author":"Akira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.8.4633-4639.1995","article-title":"Vaccinia, cowpox, and camelpox viruses encode soluble gamma interferon receptors with novel broad species specificity","volume":"69","author":"Alcami","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-9571(96)00013-6","article-title":"Soluble interferon- \u03b3 receptors encoded by poxviruses","volume":"19","author":"Alcami","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3246","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.6.3246","article-title":"A poxvirus protein that binds to and inactivates IL-18, and inhibits NK cell response","volume":"164","author":"Born","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0689","article-title":"Orthopoxvirus IL-18 binding proteins: affinities and antagonist activities","volume":"279","author":"Calderara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.9.1.21","article-title":"Molecular modeling of protein\u2013glycosaminoglycan interactions","volume":"9","author":"Cardin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(99)00135-5","article-title":"Analysis of host response modifier ORFs of ectromelia virus, the causative agent of mousepox","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4950","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.9.4950","article-title":"IL-18 receptors, their role in ligand binding and function: anti-IL-1RAcPL antibody, a potent antagonist of IL-18","volume":"165","author":"Debets","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70518-X","article-title":"IL-18: a TH1-inducing, proinflammatory cytokine and new member of the IL-1 family","volume":"103","author":"Dinarello","year":"1999a","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.1999.0837","article-title":"Interleukin-18","volume":"19","author":"Dinarello","year":"1999b","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.3.2401-2409.1999","article-title":"Interleukin-18 protects mice against acute herpes simplex virus type 1 infection","volume":"73","author":"Fujioka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19120-0","article-title":"IL-12 and IL-18 act in synergy to clear vaccinia virus infection: involvement of innate and adaptive components of the immune system","volume":"84","author":"Gherardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1999.0501","article-title":"Synergistic proliferation and activation of natural killer cells by interleukin 12 and interleukin 18","volume":"11","author":"Lauwerys","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2000.0749","article-title":"Production of a biologically active human interleukin 18 requires its prior synthesis as PRO-IL-18","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(00)00107-7","article-title":"Host-related immunomodulators encoded by poxviruses and herpesviruses","volume":"3","author":"McFadden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260736","article-title":"Interferon- \u03b3 -inducing factor enhances T helper 1 cytokine production by stimulated human T cells: synergism with interleukin-12 for interferon- \u03b3 production","volume":"26","author":"Micallef","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1208","article-title":"Species specificity of ectromelia virus and vaccinia virus interferon- \u03b3 binding proteins","volume":"208","author":"Mossman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-440X(00)00257-8","article-title":"Order out of complexity \u2013 protein structures that interact with heparin","volume":"11","author":"Mulloy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Struct Biol"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80013-8","article-title":"Interleukin-18 binding protein: a novel modulator of the Th1 cytokine response","volume":"10","author":"Novick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/378088a0","article-title":"Cloning of a new cytokine that induces IFN- \u03b3 production by T cells","volume":"378","author":"Okamura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1379","article-title":"Interleukin-18 (IFN \u03b3 -inducing factor) induces IL-8 and IL-1 \u03b2 via TNF \u03b1 production from non-CD14+ human blood mononuclear cells","volume":"101","author":"Puren","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9960","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.18.9960-9968.2003","article-title":"Vaccinia virus interleukin-18-binding protein promotes virulence by reducing \u03b3 interferon production and natural killer and T-cell activity","volume":"77","author":"Reading","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8808","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.112220499","article-title":"Variola virus immune evasion design: expression of a highly efficient inhibitor of human complement","volume":"99","author":"Rosengard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1155\/2000\/31748","article-title":"Extracellular matrix and cytokines: a functional unit","volume":"7","author":"Schonherr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Immunol"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30504","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011401200","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycan binding properties of the myxoma virus CC-chemokine inhibitor, M-T1","volume":"276","author":"Seet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8460","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.18.8460-8471.2000","article-title":"Expression of secreted cytokine and chemokine inhibitors by ectromelia virus","volume":"74","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0462","article-title":"Cowpox virus genome encodes a second soluble homologue of cellular TNF receptors, distinct from CrmB, that binds TNF but not LT \u03b1","volume":"223","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8730","article-title":"Poxvirus genomes encode a secreted, soluble protein that preferentially inhibits \u03b2 chemokine activity yet lacks sequence homology to known chemokine receptors","volume":"236","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-5-1223","article-title":"Ectromelia, vaccinia and cowpox viruses encode secreted interleukin-18-binding proteins","volume":"81","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90076-4","article-title":"Vaccinia virus encodes a soluble type I interferon receptor of novel structure and broad species specificity","volume":"81","author":"Symons","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-11-2833","article-title":"The vaccinia virus C12L protein inhibits mouse IL-18 and promotes virus virulence in the murine intranasal model","volume":"83","author":"Symons","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80543-9","article-title":"Defective NK cell activity and Th1 response in IL-18-deficient mice","volume":"8","author":"Takeda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1998.0453","article-title":"In vivo antiviral effect of interleukin 18 in a mouse model of vaccinia virus infection","volume":"11","author":"Tanaka-Kataoka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(91)90853-4","article-title":"Myxoma virus expresses a secreted protein with homology to the tumor necrosis factor receptor gene family that contributes to viral virulence","volume":"184","author":"Upton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1455233","article-title":"Encoding of a homologue of the IFN- \u03b3 receptor by myxoma virus","volume":"258","author":"Upton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9676","article-title":"Identification of human and mouse homologs of the MC51L\u201353L\u201354L family of secreted glycoproteins encoded by the Molluscum contagiosum poxvirus","volume":"257","author":"Xiang","year":"1999a","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.20.11537","article-title":"IL-18 binding and inhibition of interferon \u03b3 induction by human poxvirus-encoded proteins","volume":"96","author":"Xiang","year":"1999b","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.4.2623-2630.2003","article-title":"Molluscum contagiosum virus interleukin-18 (IL-18) binding protein is secreted as a full-length form that binds cell surface glycosaminoglycans through the C-terminal tail and a furin-cleaved form with only the IL-18 binding domain","volume":"77","author":"Xiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.7.3400","article-title":"IL-12 up-regulates IL-18 receptor expression on T cells, Th1 cells, and B cells: synergism with IL-18 for IFN- \u03b3 production","volume":"161","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/vir.0.79902-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T05:09:07Z","timestamp":1705122547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/vir.0.79902-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.79902-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1317","1465-2099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1317","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]]}}}