{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:02:40Z","timestamp":1771304560047,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The North Sea European harbour seal (<jats:italic>Phoca vitulina<\/jats:italic>) population has endured two phocine distemper virus (PDV) epidemics in 1988 and 2002. The grey seal (<jats:italic>Halichoerus grypus<\/jats:italic>) is a sympatric seal species that shows little or no mortality from PDV. Two Scottish grey seal breeding colonies were sampled for evidence of PDV infection approximately 2\u2005months after the peak of the 2002 epidemic. In both colonies, a proportion of mothers (13\/109) and pups (6\/84) tested positive for PDV in their leukocytes. All infected animals were asymptomatic and completed the breeding season successfully. These results illustrate that grey seals come into contact with infectious seals and can become infected themselves without experiencing acute effects. In some seals the virus is able to replicate from the primary site of infection. This study provides evidence that grey seals may have an active role in the spread of PDV during an epidemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80962-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,12]],"date-time":"2005-08-12T00:40:29Z","timestamp":1123807229000},"page":"2563-2567","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Identification and real-time PCR quantification of Phocine distemper virus from two colonies of Scottish grey seals in 2002"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"John A.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, Gatty Marine Laboratory, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK"},{"name":"Comparative Immunology Group, University of St Andrews, Gatty Marine Laboratory, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick P.","family":"Pomeroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, Gatty Marine Laboratory, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ailsa J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, Gatty Marine Laboratory, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerie J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Immunology Group, University of St Andrews, Gatty Marine Laboratory, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Canine distemper virus","volume-title":"In Virus Infections of Carnivores","author":"Appel","year":"1972"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(92)90027-P","article-title":"The pathology of phocine distemper","volume":"115","author":"Baker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(92)90036-R","article-title":"The serological response of the common seal ( Phoca vitulina ) and the grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) to phocine distemper virus as measured by a canine distemper virus neutralisation test","volume":"115","author":"Cornwell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"R4","first-page":"430","article-title":"Nucleotide-sequence analysis of phocine distemper virus reveals its distinctness from canine distemper virus","volume":"127","author":"Curran","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-73-5-1189","article-title":"Molecular characterization of phocine distemper virus: gene order and sequence of the gene encoding the attachment (H) protein","volume":"73","author":"Curran","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R6","article-title":"Management of North Sea harbour and grey seal populations","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the International Symposium","volume":"vol 17","year":"2003"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/338627a0","article-title":"Clue to seal epizootic?","volume":"338","author":"Dietz","year":"1989a","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R8","first-page":"258","article-title":"Mass deaths of harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina ) in Europe","volume":"18","author":"Dietz","year":"1989b","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/336021b0","article-title":"Did virus transfer from harp seals to common seals?","volume":"336","author":"Goodhart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)88861-7","article-title":"Morbilliviruses in marine mammals","volume":"3","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(92)90030-V","article-title":"The descriptive epizootiology of phocine distemper in the UK during 1988\/89","volume":"115","author":"Hall","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"R12","first-page":"641","article-title":"Morbillivirus infections of seals during the 1988 epidemic in the Bay of Heligoland. 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