{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:01:07Z","timestamp":1784073667847,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The flavivirus<jats:italic>West Nile virus<\/jats:italic>(WNV) can cause fatal encephalitis in humans and mice. It has recently been demonstrated, in an experimental model using WNV strain Sarafend and C57BL\/6 mice, that both virus- and immune-mediated pathology is involved in WNV encephalitis, with CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells being the dominant subpopulation of lymphocyte infiltrates in the brain. Here, the role of activated WNV-immune CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells in mouse WNV encephalitis was investigated further. Passive transfer of WNV-immune CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells reduced mortality significantly and prolonged survival times of mice infected with WNV. Early infiltration of WNV-immune CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells into infected brains is shown, suggesting a beneficial contribution of these lymphocytes to recovery from encephalitis. This antiviral function was not markedly mediated by gamma interferon (IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>), as a deficiency in IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>did not affect mortality to two strains of WNV (Sarafend and Kunjin) or brain virus titres significantly. The cytolytic potential, as well as precursor frequency, of WNV-immune CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells were not altered by the absence of IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>. This was reflected in transfer experiments of WNV-immune CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells from IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice into WNV-infected wild-type mice, which showed that IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>-deficient T cells were as effective as those from WNV-immune wild-type mice in ameliorating disease outcome. It is speculated here that one of the pleiotropic functions of IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>is mimicked by WNV-Sarafend-mediated upregulation of cell-surface expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens, which may explain the lack of phenotype of IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice in response to WNV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81306-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,10]],"date-time":"2006-11-10T18:38:30Z","timestamp":1163183910000},"page":"3599-3609","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses in West Nile virus (Sarafend strain) encephalitis are independent of gamma interferon"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), PO Box 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Lobigs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), PO Box 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), PO Box 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aulikki","family":"Koskinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), PO Box 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arno","family":"M\u00fcllbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), PO Box 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535342","article-title":"NK cell-mediated immunopathology during an acute viral infection of the CNS","volume":"36","author":"Alsharifi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10304","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.22.10304-10311.2000","article-title":"Persistent virus infection despite chronic cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation in gamma interferon-deficient mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"74","author":"Bartholdy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1372","article-title":"Mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of West Nile virus strains varies depending upon virus genotype","volume":"296","author":"Beasley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.6.3204","article-title":"Perforin-mediated effector function within the central nervous system requires IFN- \u03b3 -mediated MHC up-regulation","volume":"170","author":"Bergmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.4.1739-1750.2004","article-title":"Perforin and gamma interferon-mediated control of coronavirus central nervous system infection by CD8 T cells in the absence of CD4 T cells","volume":"78","author":"Bergmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-7915(94)90137-6","article-title":"Cytokines in the generation of immune responses to, and resolution of, virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Biron","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.5.1035","article-title":"Mechanisms of recovery from a generalized viral infection: mousepox. 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