{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:07:41Z","timestamp":1777518461420,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>GB virus type C (GBV-C) is a common human flavivirus that has been associated with prolonged survival in HIV-positive individuals in several, though not all, epidemiological studies. There are five distinct GBV-C genotypes that are geographically localized, and it has been speculated that GBV-C genotypic differences may explain variable outcomes observed in different clinical studies. Expression of an 85\u2005aa fragment of the GBV-C NS5A phosphoprotein (genotype 2) in a CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell line (Jurkat) resulted in inhibition of HIV replication, mediated in part by decreased surface expression of the HIV coreceptor CXCR4 and upregulation of SDF-1. We expressed the NS5A protein from genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 5 in Jurkat cells, and demonstrated that all genotypes inhibited HIV replication. Further deletion mapping demonstrated that expression of a 30\u2005aa fragment resulted in decreased CXCR4 surface expression, upregulation of SDF-1 and inhibition of HIV replication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83198-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,17]],"date-time":"2007-11-17T00:19:00Z","timestamp":1195258740000},"page":"3341-3346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Expression of GB virus C NS5A protein from genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 5 and a 30\u2005aa NS5A fragment inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in a CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell line"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa City VA Medical Center and the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"McLinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa City VA Medical Center and the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack T.","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa City VA Medical Center and the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Aslam","family":"Sathar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa City VA Medical Center and the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1997.37697335149.x","article-title":"G-pers creepers, where'd you get those papers? A reassessment of the literature on the hepatitis G virus","volume":"37","author":"Alter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5625","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.9.5625-5631.2005","article-title":"Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 \u03b1 inhibits postentry steps of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection via suppression of intracellular cyclic AMP","volume":"79","author":"Amella","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200212060-00017","article-title":"No influence of GB virus C replication on the prognosis in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"16","author":"Birk","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200404090-00005","article-title":"GB virus C during the natural course of HIV-1 infection: viremia at diagnosis does not predict mortality","volume":"18","author":"Bjorkman","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5243.1811","article-title":"Identification of RANTES, MIP-1a, and MIP-1b as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells","volume":"270","author":"Cocchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.2174\/138955705774933383","article-title":"Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines","volume":"5","author":"Copeland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1086\/499435","article-title":"GB virus C replicates in primary T and B lymphocytes","volume":"193","author":"George","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000180097.50393.df","article-title":"Inhibition of HIV strains by GB virus C in cell culture can be mediated by CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte derived soluble factors","volume":"19","author":"Jung","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32803277c7","article-title":"HIV entry inhibition by the envelope 2 glycoprotein of GB virus C","volume":"21","author":"Jung","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199601)48:1<60::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Sequence and genomic organization of GBV-C: a novel member of the Flaviviridae associated with human non-A-E hepatitis","volume":"48","author":"Leary","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15590","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.242134499","article-title":"Cell surface CCR5 density determines the postentry efficiency of R5 HIV-1 infection","volume":"99","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5248.505","article-title":"Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusion-transmissible agent","volume":"271","author":"Linnen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80204-0","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus NS5A: tales of a promiscuous protein","volume":"85","author":"Macdonald","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10375","article-title":"GB virus C genotype determination in GB virus-C\/HIV co-infected individuals","volume":"70","author":"Muerhoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200307040-00006","article-title":"Regulation of CC chemokine receptor 5 in hepatitis G virus infection","volume":"17","author":"Nattermann","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.08.006","article-title":"GB virus type C\/hepatitis G virus: a nonpathogenic flavivirus associated with prolonged survival in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"5","author":"Polgreen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1086\/505713","article-title":"GB virus C (GBV-C) infection in hepatitis C virus (HCV)\/HIV-coinfected patients receiving HCV treatment: importance of the GBV-C genotype","volume":"194","author":"Schwarze-Zander","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0695-564","article-title":"Isolation of novel virus-like sequences associated with human hepatitis","volume":"1","author":"Simons","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-7-1533","article-title":"Discrimination of hepatitis G virus\/GBV-C geographical variants by analysis of the 5\u2032 non-coding region","volume":"78","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-39943","article-title":"GB virus type C\/hepatitis G virus","volume":"23","author":"Stapleton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.9.3915-3919.2004","article-title":"GB virus C: a beneficial infection?","volume":"42","author":"Stapleton","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1086\/427559","article-title":"GB virus C coinfection and HIV-1 disease progression: the Amsterdam cohort study","volume":"191","author":"Van der Bij","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030107","article-title":"Persistent GB virus C infection and survival in HIV-infected men","volume":"350","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9125","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.9125-9133.2000","article-title":"Full-length GB virus C (hepatitis G virus) RNA transcripts are infectious in primary CD4-positive T cells","volume":"74","author":"Xiang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003364","article-title":"Effect of coinfection with GB virus C (hepatitis G virus) on survival among patients with HIV infection","volume":"345","author":"Xiang","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16453-2","article-title":"Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by GB virus C infection through increases in RANTES, MIP-1 \u03b1 , MIP-1 \u03b2 , and SDF-1","volume":"363","author":"Xiang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2005.25.261","article-title":"GB virus C NS5A sequence polymorphisms: association with interferon susceptibility and inhibition of PKR-mediated eIF-2 \u03b1 phosphorylation","volume":"25","author":"Xiang","year":"2005a","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1086\/498170","article-title":"South African GB virus C isolates: interactions between genotypes 1 and 5 GBV-C isolates and the human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"192","author":"Xiang","year":"2005b","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15570","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604728103","article-title":"An 85-aa segment of the GB virus type C NS5A phosphoprotein inhibits HIV-1 replication in CD4+ Jurkat T-cells","volume":"103","author":"Xiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2006.00366.x","article-title":"Effect of early and late GBV-C viremia on survival of HIV infected individuals: a meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"HIV Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/vir.0.83198-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T21:21:19Z","timestamp":1603747279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/vir.0.83198-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.83198-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1317","1465-2099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1317","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]}}}