{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:34:12Z","timestamp":1790649252632,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>2A is an oligopeptide sequence mediating a ribosome \u2018skipping\u2019 effect, producing an apparent \u2018cleavage\u2019 of polyproteins. First identified and characterized in picornaviruses, \u20182A-like\u2019 sequences are found in other mammalian viruses and a wide range of insect viruses. Databases were analysed using a motif conserved amongst 2A\/2A-like sequences. The newly identified 2A-like sequences (30\u2005aa) were inserted into a reporter polyprotein to determine their cleavage activity. Our analyses showed that these sequences fall into two categories. The majority mediated very high (complete) cleavage to separate proteins and a few sequences mediated cleavage with lower efficiency, generating appreciable levels of the uncleaved form. Phylogenetic analyses of 2A-like sequences and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) indicated multiple, independent, acquisitions of these sequences at different stages during virus evolution. Within a virus family, 2A sequences are (probably) homologous, but diverge due to other evolutionary pressures. Amongst different families, however, 2A\/2A-like sequences appear to be homoplasic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83428-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,14]],"date-time":"2008-03-14T06:38:13Z","timestamp":1205476693000},"page":"1036-1042","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Occurrence, function and evolutionary origins of \u20182A-like\u2019 sequences in virus genomes"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Garry A.","family":"Luke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"de Felipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, 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