{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:44:56Z","timestamp":1770752696070,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>is a contagious, mastitis-causing pathogen that is highly adapted to survive in the bovine mammary gland. This study used a BALB\/c mouse model of<jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>mastitis to evaluate leukocyte populations in regional lymph nodes and cytokine expression in the mammary gland involved in the immune response against<jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>. It was found that the bacteria replicated efficiently in the mammary gland, peaking after 24\u2005h and increasing by 100-fold. Dissemination of bacteria to systemic organs was observed 6\u2005h after infection. At the same time, a massive infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells and an increase in the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>were detected in mammary glands, indicating an early inflammatory response. A decrease in the levels of inflammatory cytokines in mammary glands was observed 72\u2005h after infection, accompanied by an increase in the levels of IL-12 and IL-10, which were related to a gradual decrease in bacterial load. An increase in the number of macrophages and B220<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>lymphocytes and similar increases in both CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells in regional lymph nodes were observed, being most pronounced 5\u2005days after infection. Moreover, increased levels of anti-<jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>antibodies in the mammary gland were observed 10\u2005days after infection. Overall, these data suggest that the host exhibits both innate and acquired immune responses in response to<jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>mastitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.007385-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,11]],"date-time":"2009-06-11T17:47:00Z","timestamp":1244742420000},"page":"951-958","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Leukocyte populations and cytokine expression in the mammary gland in a mouse model of Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Trigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elva","family":"Bonif\u00e1cio Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui M.","family":"Gil da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Delfina","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00830.x","article-title":"Intracellular killing of mastitis pathogens by penethamate hydriodide following internalization into mammary epithelial cells","volume":"30","author":"Almeida","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.2.143","article-title":"Interleukin 10 (IL-10) regulation of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF- \u03b1 ) from human alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes","volume":"51","author":"Armstrong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.3.463-472.2004","article-title":"Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus elicit differential innate immune responses following intramammary infection","volume":"11","author":"Bannerman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74059-9","article-title":"The effect of selective dry cow treatment on new intramammary infections","volume":"85","author":"Berry","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.11.008","article-title":"The pathogenesis and control of Staphylococcus aureus -induced mastitis: study models in the mouse","volume":"7","author":"Brouillette","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.04.008","article-title":"Mouse mastitis model of infection for antimicrobial compound efficacy studies against intracellular and extracellular forms of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"101","author":"Brouillette","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2207","article-title":"Interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. 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