{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:29:19Z","timestamp":1792290559207,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prognosis of patients suffering from severe hyperlipidemia, sometimes combined with elevated lipoprotein (a) levels, and coronary heart disease refractory to diet and lipid-lowering drugs is poor. For such patients, regular treatment with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis is the therapeutic option. Today, there are five different LDL-apheresis systems available: cascade filtration or lipid filtration, immunoadsorption, heparin-induced LDL precipitation, dextran sulfate LDL adsorption, and the LDL hemoperfusion. There is a strong correlation between hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Besides the elimination of other risk factors, in severe hyperlipidemia therapeutic strategies should focus on a drastic reduction of serum lipoproteins. Despite maximum conventional therapy with a combination of different kinds of lipid-lowering drugs, sometimes the goal of therapy cannot be reached. Hence, in such patients, treatment with LDL-apheresis is indicated. Technical and clinical aspects of these five different LDL-apheresis methods are shown here. There were no significant differences with respect to or concerning all cholesterols, or triglycerides observed. With respect to elevated lipoprotein (a) levels, however, the immunoadsorption method seems to be most effective. The different published data clearly demonstrate that treatment with LDL-apheresis in patients suffering from severe hyperlipidemia refractory to maximum conservative therapy is effective and safe in long-term application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/314283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,30]],"date-time":"2012-04-30T22:01:19Z","timestamp":1335823279000},"page":"1-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["LDL-Apheresis: Technical and Clinical Aspects"],"prefix":"10.1100","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Rolf","family":"Bambauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Blood Purification, Saar, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Bambauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly Main Hospital Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicine, 66386 St. Ingbert, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Latza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicine, 66386 St. Ingbert, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Schiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inselklinik Heringsdorf GmbH, 17424 Seeheilbad Heringsdorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"11","year":"2009"},{"issue":"15","key":"12","first-page":"1377","volume":"118","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe Medicale des Hopitaux de Paris"},{"issue":"7918","key":"13","first-page":"1208","volume":"1","year":"1975","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"14","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Double filtration plasmapheresis with no or minimal amount of blood derivate for substitution","year":"1980"},{"issue":"1","key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.1.611","volume":"78","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"16","first-page":"459","volume":"4","year":"1983","journal-title":"Plasma Therapy and Transfusion Technology"},{"issue":"7","key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37936-0","volume":"24","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.1985.tb04406.x","volume":"9","year":"1985","journal-title":"Artificial Organs"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(87)90089-X","volume":"68","year":"1987","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"7","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.1993.tb00609.x","volume":"17","year":"1993","journal-title":"Artificial Organs"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2003.07200.x"},{"key":"109","first-page":"317","volume":"255","year":"1988","journal-title":"Progress in Clinical and Biological Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6222(88)90026-5","volume":"9","year":"1988","journal-title":"Plasma Therapy and Transfusion Technology"},{"key":"111","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Extracorporeal LDL-elimination by immunoadsorption. 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