{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:28:28Z","timestamp":1761488908893},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This communication states the changing patterns of<jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>serovar Typhi (<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>Typhi) isolates causing enteric fever in and around Kolkata, India. Among the isolates resistance to ampicillin (A), chloramphenicol (C), cotrimoxazole (Co) and tetracycline (T) were plasmid mediated; the plasmid was unstable in<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>Typhi, and the other enteric bacteria like<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris were found to be the potential source of dissemination of such plasmids into<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>Typhi. The infection with such<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>Typhi strains were successfully treated with ciprofloxacin (Cp: MICs 0.0075\u20130.075\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\u2009mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and\/or ofloxacin (Ofx: MICs 0.0125\u20130.075\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\u2009mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), but in the later course, the<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>Typhi strains, showing resistance to nalidixic acid, developed low level of resistance to Cp and Ofx, causing the treatment failure. Thus, the treatment regimen was shifted to the third generation cephalosporins like ceftriaxone (Ct) and cefotaxime (Cf). Keeping in mind the anticipation of development of resistance to Ct\/Cf, we prepared the treatment regimen for MDR enteric fever, based on the double-drug synergy tests in vitro; Cp-gentamycin (FICI 0.121\u20130.216) and Cp-trimethoprim (FICI 0.14\u20130.483) combinations were found effective against<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>Typhi isolates having decreased sensitivity to cp (MICs: 0.5\u20131.25\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\u2009mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/454059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,30]],"date-time":"2012-04-30T22:03:53Z","timestamp":1335823433000},"page":"1-4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance of<i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>Serovar Typhi in Kolkata, India, and<i>In Vitro<\/i>Experiments on Effect of Combined Chemotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1100","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Shyamapada","family":"Mandal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology and Serology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, C. R. Avenue, Kolkata 700073, India"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Gour Banga University, NH-34, Mokdumpur, Malda 732103, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"DebMandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, KPC Medical College and Hospital, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nishith Kumar","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology and Serology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, C. R. Avenue, Kolkata 700073, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1","first-page":"253","volume":"2","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"},{"issue":"5","key":"2","first-page":"346","volume":"82","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"3","key":"3","first-page":"197","volume":"4","year":"2010","journal-title":"African Journal of Microbiology Research"},{"key":"4","first-page":"179","volume":"95","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research A"},{"issue":"1","key":"5","first-page":"61","volume":"29","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian Pediatrics"},{"key":"6","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.1.92","volume":"35","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082092899"},{"issue":"1","key":"10","first-page":"51","volume":"22","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"11","first-page":"685","volume":"125","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"12","first-page":"49","volume":"115","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"}],"container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2012\/454059.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2012\/454059.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2012\/454059.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T18:06:10Z","timestamp":1497981970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2012\/454059\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":11,"alternative-id":["454059","454059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1100\/2012\/454059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1537-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1537-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}