{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:06:38Z","timestamp":1788869198336,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000341","name":"Arthritis Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World JOURNAL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Arthritic pathologies are a major cause of morbidity within the western world, with rheumatoid arthritis affecting approximately 1% of adults. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring hormones and their peptides, in both arthritic models of disease and patients. The arthritides represent a group of closely related pathologies in which cytokines, joint destruction, and leukocytes play a causal role. Here we discuss the role of naturally occurring pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived melanocortin peptides (e.g., alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone [a-MSH]) and synthetic derivatives in these diseases. Melanocortins exhibit their biological efficacy by modulating proinflammatory cytokines and subsequent leukocyte extravasation. Their biological effects are mediated via seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors, of which five have been cloned, identified, and termed MC\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    to MC\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Adrenocorticotrophic hormone represents the parent molecule of the melanocortins; the first 13 amino acids of which (termed a-MSH) have been shown to be the most pharmacologically active region of the parent hormone. The melanocortin peptides have been shown to display potent anti-inflammatory effects in both animal models of disease and patients. The potential anti-inflammatory role for endogenous peptides in arthritic pathologies is in its infancy. The ability to inhibit leukocyte migration, release of cytokines, and induction of anti-inflammatory proteins appears to play an important role in affording protection in arthritic injury, and thus may lead to potential therapeutic targets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2009.163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]],"date-time":"2011-08-15T06:05:29Z","timestamp":1313388329000},"page":"1394-1414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Melanocortin Peptide Therapy for the Treatment of Arthritic Pathologies"],"prefix":"10.1100","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"S. J.","family":"Getting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Infection Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kaneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Infection Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Bhadresa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Infection Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Renshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Infection Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Leoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. B.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J. P.","family":"Kerrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Infection Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. C.","family":"Locke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Infection Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","container-title":["The Scientific World JOURNAL"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2009\/723150.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2009\/723150.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,23]],"date-time":"2016-08-23T10:25:16Z","timestamp":1471947916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2009\/723150\/abs\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["723150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1100\/tsw.2009.163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1537-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1537-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}}}