{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T13:34:26Z","timestamp":1790429666352,"version":"4.1.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"group-title":"Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS)","reference-count":57,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is an urgent need to better understand the pathophysiology of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Here, we apply single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 7 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 and 6 healthy controls. We identify substantial reconfiguration of peripheral immune cell phenotype in COVID-19, including a heterogeneous interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) signature, HLA class II downregulation, and a novel B cell-derived granulocyte population appearing in patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Importantly, peripheral monocytes and lymphocytes do not express substantial amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that circulating leukocytes do not significantly contribute to the potential COVID-19 cytokine storm. Collectively, we provide the most thorough cell atlas to date of the peripheral immune response to severe COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.17.20069930","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T10:01:05Z","timestamp":1587636065000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response to severe COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1430-5852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Wilk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-1012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjun","family":"Rustagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6217-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy Q.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonasel","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanny J.","family":"Martinez-Colon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia L.","family":"McKechnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey T.","family":"Ivison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanmayi","family":"Ranganath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Hollis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aruna","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela J.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6946-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Blish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2020120414202574000_2020.04.17.20069930v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"2020120414202574000_2020.04.17.20069930v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6912e2","article-title":"Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - United States, February 12-March 16, 2020","volume":"69","author":"CDC COVID-19 Response Team","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. 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