{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:45:05Z","timestamp":1784760305667,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]},"group-title":"Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS)","reference-count":11,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To explore both clinical and genetic risk factors for Covid-19 in a cohort from the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n 669 positive Covid-19 patients within a cohort of 502,536 UK Biobank participants, recruited between 2006 and 2010.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n The main outcome measure was Covid-19 positive status, determined by the presence of any positive test for a single individual. We also assessed risk factors for inpatient and outpatient status for Covid-19 positive individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We found that black participants were at over three times increased risk of testing positive for Covid-19, relative to white participants, even after adjusting for confounders (adjusted relative risk [ARR] 3.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.28 to 4.31). Asian participants were also at higher risk of Covid-19 (ARR 2.03, 95% CI 1.40 to 2.95). Next, we analyzed the association of comorbidities with Covid-19. We found that participants were at increased risk of Covid-19 if they had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ARR 1.54, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.31) or ischemic heart disease (ARR 1.56, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.07). However, there was no evidence that either angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ARR 1.32, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.84) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARR 1.37, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.98) increased the risk of Covid-19. We confirmed that blood type A was associated with Covid-19 relative to blood type O individuals, and we also found that the HLA variant DQA1_509 was enriched in Covid-19 positive cases, even after Bonferroni correction (P = 1.0 x 10\n \u22125<\/jats:sup>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n In this study, we found that black and Asian participants were at increased risk of Covid-19, even after adjusting for confounders. We also identified a novel genetic association with the HLA variant DQA1_509. Further investigations of genetic associations with Covid-19 may lead to important discoveries of genetic drivers of severe disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.05.20075507","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T19:51:21Z","timestamp":1588708281000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Covid-19 Patients from UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5306-023X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Kolin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2156-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Kulm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8061-9617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Elemento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2020120907400823000_2020.05.05.20075507v1.1","unstructured":"COVID-19 in Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups. 2020."},{"key":"2020120907400823000_2020.05.05.20075507v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30922-3"},{"key":"2020120907400823000_2020.05.05.20075507v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006923"},{"key":"2020120907400823000_2020.05.05.20075507v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007621"},{"key":"2020120907400823000_2020.05.05.20075507v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313658"},{"key":"2020120907400823000_2020.05.05.20075507v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.11.20031096"},{"key":"2020120907400823000_2020.05.05.20075507v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khunti K . Is ethnicity linked to incidence or outcomes of covid-19? BMJ Published Online First: 20 April 2020. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1548","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1548"},{"key":"2020120907400823000_2020.05.05.20075507v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6548"},{"key":"2020120907400823000_2020.05.05.20075507v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8"},{"key":"2020120907400823000_2020.05.05.20075507v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30153-3"},{"key":"2020120907400823000_2020.05.05.20075507v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105033441802"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2020.05.05.20075507","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:39:42Z","timestamp":1768484382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2020.05.05.20075507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]},"references-count":11,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.05.20075507","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241264","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}