{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:36:45Z","timestamp":1772156205284,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":29,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>An outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory disease, has infected over 34,000,000 people since the end of 2019, killed over 1,000,000, and caused worldwide social and economic disruption. Due to the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells and its pathogenesis remain largely unclear, there are currently no antiviral drugs with proven efficacy nor are there vaccines for its prevention. Besides severe respiratory and systematic symptoms, several comorbidities may also increase risk of fatal disease outcome. Therefore, it is required to investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on pre-existing diseases of patients, such as cancer and other infectious diseases. In the current study, we have reported that SARS-CoV-2 encoded proteins and some anti-COVID-19 drugs currently used are able to induce lytic reactivation of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), one of major human oncogenic viruses through manipulation of intracellular signaling pathways. Our data indicate that those KSHV+ patients especially in endemic areas exposure to COVID-19 or undergoing the treatment may have increased risks to develop virus-associated cancers, even after they have fully recovered from COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.02.324228","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T04:35:13Z","timestamp":1601699713000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 proteins and anti-COVID-19 drugs induce lytic reactivation of an oncogenic virus"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Jungang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00613"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, S. , Tafuro, J. , Mayer, J. , Darlington, D. , Wai Wong, C. , Muntean, E.A. , Wong, N. , Mallen, C. , Shing Kwok, C. , 2020. Clinical features and outcomes of adults with COVID-19: A systematic review and pooled analysis of the literature. Int J Clin Pract, e13725.","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13725"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogiatzopoulou, A. , Mayberry, H. , Hawcutt, D.B. , Whittaker, E. , Munro, A. , Roland, D. , Simba, J. , Gale, C. , Felsenstein, S. , Abrams, E. , Jones, C.B. , Lewins, I. , Rodriguez-Martinez, C.R. , Fernandes, R.M. , Stilwell, P.A. , Swann, O. , Bhopal, S. , Sinha, I. , Harwood, R. , 2020. COVID-19 in children: what did we learn from the first wave? Paediatr Child Health.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2020.09.005"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.4","first-page":"3084","article-title":"KSHV: Immune Modulation and Immunotherapy","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broussard, G. , Damania, B. , 2020. Regulation of KSHV Latency and Lytic Reactivation. Viruses 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091034"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12340","article-title":"High prevalence of early childhood infection by Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in a minority population in China","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.07.024","article-title":"Expression of PD-1 and PD-Ls in Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma and regulation by oncogenic herpesvirus lytic reactivation","volume":"536","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6584","article-title":"CD147 and downstream ADAMTSs promote the tumorigenicity of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infected endothelial cells","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.9","first-page":"687","article-title":"Extracellular Hsp90 serves as a co-factor for NF-kappaB activation and cellular pathogenesis induced by an oncogenic herpesvirus","volume":"1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drago, F. , Ciccarese, G. , Rebora, A. , Parodi, A. , 2020. Human herpesvirus 6, 7 and Epstein Barr virus reactivation in pityriasis rosea during COVID-19. J Med Virol.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26549"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elezkurtaj, S. , Greuel, S. , Ihlow, J. , et al, 2020. Causes of death and comorbidities in patients with COVID-19. medRxiv 2020.06.15.20131540.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.15.20131540"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S142816","article-title":"Pediatric Kaposi sarcoma in context of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa: current perspectives","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Health Med Ther"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31863","article-title":"KSHV viral load and Interleukin-6 in HIV-associated pediatric Kaposi sarcoma-Exploring the role of lytic activation in driving the unique clinical features seen in endemic regions","volume":"144","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiolet, T. , Guihur, A. , Rebeaud, M.E. , Mulot, M. , Peiffer-Smadja, N. , Mahamat-Saleh, Y. , 2020. Effect of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin on the mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.08.022"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciorowski, D. , Idrissi, S.Z.E. , Gupta, Y. , Medernach, B.J. , Burns, M.B. , Becker, D.P. , Durvasula, R. , Kempaiah, P. , 2020. A Review of the Preclinical and Clinical Efficacy of Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, and Lopinavir-Ritonavir Treatments against COVID-19. SLAS Discov 2472555220958385.","DOI":"10.1177\/2472555220958385"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2888"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.03.012"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy262","article-title":"Determinants of Gammaherpesvirus Shedding in Saliva Among Ugandan Children and Their Mothers","volume":"218","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osawa, I. , Okamoto, K. , Ikeda, M. , Otani, A. , Wakimoto, Y. , Yamashita, M. , Shinohara, T. , Kanno, Y. , Jubishi, D. , Kurano, M. , Harada, S. , Okugawa, S. , Yatomi, Y. , Moriya, K. , 2020. Dynamic changes in fibrinogen and D-dimer levels in COVID-19 patients on nafamostat mesylate. J Thromb Thrombolysis.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02275-5"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ996"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-4663"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01333","article-title":"Immunosuppressive Drugs and COVID-19: A Review","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15001","article-title":"Herpes zoster in COVID-19-positive patients","volume":"59","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.03.049"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K. , Chen, W. , Zhou, Y.S. , et al, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein. bioRxiv. 2020.03.14.988345.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.14.988345"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, R. , Zhou, Y. , Cai, L. , Wang, L. , Han, J. , Yang, X. , Chen, J. , Chen, J. , Ma, C. , Shen, L. , 2020. Co-reactivation of the human herpesvirus alpha subfamily (herpes simplex virus-1 and varicella zoster virus) in a critically ill patient with COVID-19. Br J Dermatol.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19484"},{"key":"2024080418415822000_2020.10.02.324228v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2020.10.02.324228","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:54:07Z","timestamp":1768438447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2020.10.02.324228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.10.02.324228","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1162\/2e3983f5.0018fa87","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1162\/2e3983f5.11389cb7","asserted-by":"object"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}