{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T22:39:20Z","timestamp":1776465560271,"version":"3.51.2"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":85,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is an urgent need to understand the nature of immune responses generated against SARS-CoV-2, to better inform risk-mitigation strategies for people living with HIV (PLWH). Although not all PLWH are considered immunosuppressed, residual cellular immune deficiency and ongoing inflammation could influence COVID-19 disease severity, the evolution and durability of protective memory responses. Here, we performed an integrated analysis, characterizing the nature, breadth and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses in PLWH, controlled on ART, and HIV negative subjects. Both groups were in the convalescent phase of predominately mild COVID-19 disease. The majority of PLWH mounted SARS-CoV-2 Spike- and Nucleoprotein-specific antibodies with neutralizing activity and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses, as measured by ELISpot, at levels comparable to HIV negative subjects. T cell responses against Spike, Membrane and Nucleocapsid were the most prominent, with SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 T cells outnumbering CD8 T cells. Notably, the overall magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses related to the size of the naive CD4 T cell pool and the CD4:CD8 ratio in PLWH, in whom disparate antibody and T cell responses were observed. Both humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 were detected at 5-7 months post-infection, providing evidence of medium-term durability of responses irrespective of HIV serostatus. Incomplete immune reconstitution on ART and a low CD4:CD8 ratio could, however, hamper the development of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and serve as a useful tool for risk stratification of PLWH. These findings have implications for the individual management and potential effectiveness of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in PLWH.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>One Sentence Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the setting of HIV infection<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.15.431215","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T01:09:44Z","timestamp":1613524184000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterization of humoral and SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in people living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Aljawharah","family":"Alrubayyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Gea-Mallorqu\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Touizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Hameiri-Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Kopycinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Charlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Fisher-Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annachiara","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Roustan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Earl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Cherepanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Pellegrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Kinloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Dorrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Rowland-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9503-7946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura E.","family":"McCoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9281-5471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitra","family":"Peppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2021021803100977000_2021.02.15.431215v1.1","first-page":"49","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity: Specificity, function, durability, and role in protection","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"2021021803100977000_2021.02.15.431215v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2594"},{"issue":"25","key":"2021021803100977000_2021.02.15.431215v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028436","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults","volume":"383","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021021803100977000_2021.02.15.431215v1.4","unstructured":"Annika Fendler , Lewis Au , Laura Amanda Boos , Fiona Byrne , Scott T.C. 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