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However, the structures and relative abundance of the new O-glycans found on the S protein regional-binding domain (S-RBD) remain cryptic because of the challenges in intact glycoform analysis. Here, we report the complete structural characterization of intact O-glycan proteoforms using native top-down mass spectrometry (MS). By combining trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS), which can separate the protein conformers of S-RBD and analyze their gas phase structural variants, with ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) MS analysis, the O-glycoforms of the S-RBD are comprehensively characterized, so that seven O-glycoforms and their relative molecular abundance are structurally elucidated for the first time. These findings demonstrate that native top-down MS can provide a high-resolution proteoform-resolved mapping of diverse O-glycoforms of the S glycoprotein, which lays a strong molecular foundation to uncover the functional roles of their O-glycans. This proteoform-resolved approach can be applied to reveal the structural O-glycoform heterogeneity of emergent SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD variants, as well as other O-glycoproteins in general.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.28.433291","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T22:35:15Z","timestamp":1614638115000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Structural O-Glycoform Heterogeneity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain Revealed by Native Top-Down Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0478-4987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan W.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1499-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake A.","family":"Melby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1354-0722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eli J.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4909-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanlong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5012-4090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan R.","family":"Brasier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-7010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5211-6812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024080513544691000_2021.02.28.433291v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3"},{"key":"2024080513544691000_2021.02.28.433291v1.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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