{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T16:10:08Z","timestamp":1768493408682,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":73,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>T cells are critical for control of viral infection and effective vaccination. We investigated whether prior Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) or Tetanus-Diphtheria-pertussis (Tdap) vaccination elicit cross-reactive T cells that mitigate COVID-19. Using co-cultures of antigen presenting cells (APC) loaded with antigens and autologous T cells, we found a high correlation between responses to SARS-CoV-2 (Spike-S1 and Nucleocapsid) and MMR and Tdap vaccine proteins in both SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals and individuals immunized with mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The overlapping T cell population contained effector memory T cells (TEMRA) previously implicated in anti-viral immunity and their activation required APC-derived IL-15. TCR- and scRNA-sequencing detected cross-reactive clones with TEMRA features among the cells recognizing SARS-CoV-2, MMR and Tdap epitopes. A propensity-weighted analysis of 73,582 COVID-19 patients revealed that severe disease outcomes (hospitalization and transfer to intensive care unit or death) were reduced in MMR or Tdap vaccinated individuals by 38-32% and 23-20% respectively. In summary, SARS-CoV-2 re-activates memory T cells generated by Tdap and MMR vaccines, which may reduce disease severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.03.441323","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T19:10:58Z","timestamp":1620155458000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Protective heterologous T cell immunity in COVID-19 induced by MMR and Tdap vaccine antigens"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Vijayashree","family":"Mysore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Cullere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Settles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinge","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3840-4161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael W.","family":"Kattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u00ebl","family":"Desjardins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blythe","family":"Durbin-Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Gilboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey R.","family":"Baden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Walt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lichtman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Jehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya N.","family":"Mayadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2021050605100351000_2021.05.03.441323v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.12.009","article-title":"T Cell Memory: Understanding COVID-19","volume":"54","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2021050605100351000_2021.05.03.441323v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.038","article-title":"Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity","volume":"183","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021050605100351000_2021.05.03.441323v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108728","article-title":"Early induction of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associates with rapid viral clearance and mild disease in COVID-19 patients","volume":"34","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2021050605100351000_2021.05.03.441323v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. 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