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Bacterial coinfection was not established at 3 d post-virus, but increased lethality was observed when the bacteria was initiated at 5 or 7 d post-virus infection (pvi). Bacterial outgrowth was accompanied by neutrophilia in the groups coinfected at 7 d pvi and reductions in B cells, T cells, IL-6, IL-15, IL-18, and LIF were present in groups coinfected at 5 d pvi. However, viral burden, lung pathology, cytokines, chemokines, and immune cell activation were largely unchanged after bacterial coinfection. Examining surviving animals more than a week after infection resolution suggested that immune cell activation remained high and was exacerbated in the lungs of coinfected animals compared with SARS-CoV-2 infection alone. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 increases susceptibility and pathogenicity to bacterial coinfection, and further studies are needed to understand and combat disease associated with bacterial pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.02.28.482305","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T21:45:17Z","timestamp":1646171117000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Time-Dependent Increase in Susceptibility and Severity of Secondary Bacterial Infection during SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Amanda P.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan P.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taylor 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