{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T18:44:31Z","timestamp":1768502671532,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":29,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Efficient spread of respiratory viruses requires the virus to maintain infectivity in the environment. Environmental stability of viruses can be influenced by many factors, including temperature and humidity. Our study measured the impact of initial droplet volume (50, 5, and 1 \u00b5L) and relative humidity (RH: 40%, 65%, and 85%) on the stability of influenza A virus, bacteriophage, Phi6, a common surrogate for enveloped viruses, and SARS-CoV-2 under a limited set of conditions. Our data suggest that the drying time required for the droplets to reach quasi-equilibrium (i.e. a plateau in mass) varied with RH and initial droplet volume. The macroscale physical characteristics of the droplets at quasi-equilibrium varied with RH but not with initial droplet volume. We observed more rapid virus decay when the droplets were still wet and undergoing evaporation, and slower decay after the droplets had dried. Initial droplet volume had a major effect on virus viability over the first few hours; whereby the decay rate of influenza virus was faster in smaller droplets. In general, influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 decayed similarly. Overall, this study suggests that virus decay in media is closely correlated with the extent of droplet evaporation, which is controlled by RH. Taken together, these data suggest that decay of different viruses is more similar at higher RH and in smaller droplets and is distinct at lower RH and in larger droplets. Importantly, accurate assessment of transmission risk requires use of physiologically relevant droplet volumes and careful consideration of the use of surrogates.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Department of Health and Human Services; Flu Lab.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, policy decisions were being driven by virus stability experiments involving SARS-CoV-2 applied to surfaces in large droplets at various humidity conditions. The results of our study indicate that determination of half-lives for emerging pathogens in large droplets likely over-estimates transmission risk for contaminated surfaces, as occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study implicates the need for the use of physiologically relevant droplet sizes with use of relevant surrogates in addition to what is already known about the importance of physiologically relevant media for risk assessment of future emerging pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.07.26.501658","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T01:30:21Z","timestamp":1658971821000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Environmental Stability of Enveloped Viruses is Impacted by the Initial Volume and Evaporation Kinetics of Droplets"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Andrea J.","family":"French","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra K.","family":"Longest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Vikesland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9893-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisha K.","family":"Duggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7679-2150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seema S.","family":"Lakdawala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linsey C.","family":"Marr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.1"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65902","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65902","article-title":"Mechanistic theory predicts the effects of temperature and humidity on inactivation of sars-cov-2 and other enveloped viruses","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME14145","article-title":"Survival of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses on inanimate surfaces","volume":"30","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes and Environments"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109750119"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.11.010"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2011.07.009"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30003-3","article-title":"Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions","volume":"1","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on critical personal protective equipment","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0263025","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263025","article-title":"Presence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental currency and money cards in Utah reveals a lack of live virus","volume":"17","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.10.021","article-title":"Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental surfaces and in human excreta","volume":"107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05835"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11260","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.1c01610","article-title":"Implications of the coffee-ring effect on virus infectivity","volume":"37","year":"2021","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180298","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0298","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the effect of humidity on airborne influenza virus survival, transmission and incidence","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1128\/br.28.2.150-163.1964","article-title":"Kinetics of the inactivation of viruses","volume":"28","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bacteriological Reviews"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.18","first-page":"e00551","article-title":"Survival of the enveloped virus phi6 in droplets as a function of relative humidity, absolute humidity, and temperature","volume":"84","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00002-08"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0243505","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243505","article-title":"Survival of MS2 and \u03a66 viruses in droplets as a function of relative humidity, pH, and salt, protein, and surfactant concentrations","volume":"15","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04846","article-title":"Aerosolization of ebola virus surrogates in wastewater systems","volume":"51","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00528-18"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046789"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400039176"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[preprint] Oswin HP , Haddrell AE , Otero-Fernandez M , et al. The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity with changes in aerosol microenvironment. medRxiv 2022; 2022.01.08.22268944, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.01.08.22268944.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.01.08.22268944"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170939","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0939","article-title":"Physico-chemical characteristics of evaporating respiratory fluid droplets","volume":"15","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v5.i2.85","article-title":"Determination of 50% endpoint titer using a simple formula","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Journal of Virology"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.8.5017-5026.2005"},{"key":"2022072911250546000_2022.07.26.501658v1.29","first-page":"e02527","article-title":"Infectious SARS-CoV-2 is emitted in aerosol particles","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2022.07.26.501658","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T03:24:58Z","timestamp":1768447498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2022.07.26.501658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.07.26.501658","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1128\/mbio.03452-22","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}