{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:56:02Z","timestamp":1775742962274,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"group-title":"Addiction Medicine","reference-count":72,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Substance use has become a critical health concern during the COVID-19 pandemic, and emerging attention has been paid to people with the persistent symptoms of COVID-19 (COVID-19 long haulers) due to their high vulnerability. However, scant research has investigated their substance use and relevant psychosocial factors. The current study was to (1) examine substance use behaviors (i.e., legal drug use, illicit drug use, and non-medical use of prescription drugs); and (2) assessed their associations with psychiatric symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder) and psychosocial factors (i.e., personal mastery and social support) among COVID-19 long haulers.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In January \u2013 March 2022, 460 COVID-19 long haulers (50% female), with an average age of 32, completed online surveys regarding their demographics, substance use, psychiatric symptoms, and psychosocial factors.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In the past three months, the most commonly used or non-medically used substances were tobacco (82%) for legal drugs, cocaine (53%) for illicit drugs, and prescription opioids (67%) for prescription drugs. Structural equation modeling suggested that psychiatric symptoms were positively associated with substance use behaviors (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    s = .38 to .68,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    s &lt; .001), while psychosocial factors were negatively associated with substance use behaviors (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    s = -.61 to -.43,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    s &lt; .001).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Substance use is common in COVID-19 long haulers and psychiatric symptoms are the risk factors. Personal mastery and social support appear to offer protection offsetting the psychiatric influences. Substance use prevention and mental health services for COVID-19 long haulers should attend to personal mastery and social support.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.11.23.22282679","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T09:40:11Z","timestamp":1669369211000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Substance use, psychiatric symptoms, personal mastery, and social support among COVID-19 long haulers: A compensatory model"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-0564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheuk Chi","family":"Tam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camryn","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atefeh","family":"Aghaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2022112721050495000_2022.11.23.22282679v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102092","article-title":"Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems","volume":"51","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian journal of psychiatry"},{"issue":"7862","key":"2022112721050495000_2022.11.23.22282679v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9","article-title":"High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"594","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022112721050495000_2022.11.23.22282679v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.103.3.411"},{"key":"2022112721050495000_2022.11.23.22282679v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12886"},{"key":"2022112721050495000_2022.11.23.22282679v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2021-216643"},{"key":"2022112721050495000_2022.11.23.22282679v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107926","article-title":"The role of social support on the effects of stress and depression on African American tobacco and alcohol use","volume":"209","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence"},{"key":"2022112721050495000_2022.11.23.22282679v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.103053","article-title":"Medication and substance use increases among people using cannabis medically during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"92","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"issue":"16","key":"2022112721050495000_2022.11.23.22282679v1.8","first-page":"16","article-title":"Mental health and alcohol use among patients attending a post-COVID-19 follow-up clinic: a cohort study","volume":"5","year":"2022","journal-title":"HRB Open Research"},{"key":"2022112721050495000_2022.11.23.22282679v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.09.012","article-title":"Understanding long COVID: Nosology, social attitudes and stigma","volume":"99","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022112721050495000_2022.11.23.22282679v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024928","DOI":"10.1080\/23311908.2015.1024928","article-title":"Resilience in chronic diseases: A systematic review","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogent Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022112721050495000_2022.11.23.22282679v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22330","article-title":"Immigration stress and alcohol use severity among recently immigrated Hispanic adults: Examining moderating effects of gender, immigration status, and social support","volume":"73","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2022112721050495000_2022.11.23.22282679v1.12","unstructured":"CDC. 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