{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:17:24Z","timestamp":1768504644478,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":71,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants diminishes the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral monoclonal antibodies. Continued development of immunotherapies and vaccine immunogens resilient to viral evolution is therefore necessary. Using coldspot-guided antibody discovery, a screening approach that focuses on portions of the virus spike that are both functionally relevant and averse to change, we identified human neutralizing antibodies to highly conserved viral epitopes. Antibody fp.006 binds the fusion peptide and cross-reacts against coronaviruses of the four\n                  <jats:italic>genera<\/jats:italic>\n                  , including the nine human coronaviruses, through recognition of a conserved motif that includes the S2\u2019 site of proteolytic cleavage. Antibody hr2.016 targets the stem helix and neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants. Antibody sd1.040 binds to subdomain 1, synergizes with antibody rbd.042 for neutralization and, like fp.006 and hr2.016, protects mice when present as bispecific antibody. Thus, coldspot-guided antibody discovery reveals donor-derived neutralizing antibodies that are cross-reactive with\n                  <jats:italic>Orthocoronavirinae<\/jats:italic>\n                  , including SARS-CoV-2 variants.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>One sentence summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Broadly cross-reactive antibodies that protect from SARS-CoV-2 variants are revealed by virus coldspot-driven discovery.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.11.24.515932","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T21:20:28Z","timestamp":1669670428000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Human neutralizing antibodies to cold linear epitopes and to subdomain 1 of SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0746-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Bianchini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2494-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Crivelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan E.","family":"Abernathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4279-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Palus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6476-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Muri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Marcotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Piralla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1370-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Pedotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raoul De","family":"Gasparo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Simonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4872-1996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milos","family":"Matkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0309-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Toscano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maira","family":"Biggiogero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Calvaruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Svoboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s Cervantes","family":"Rinc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Fava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1054-2252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Pode\u0161vov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1676-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akanksha A.","family":"Shanbhag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Celoria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8633-1032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo","family":"Sgrignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4390-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Stefanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0469-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaclav","family":"H\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1660-1372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Pranclova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0172-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tereza","family":"Michalcikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4675-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Prochazka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuditta","family":"Guerrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Mehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Ciabattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Abolhassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0924-6395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Jarrossay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9570-7011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Uguccioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donata","family":"Medaglini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Pan-Hammarstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Calzolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Baldanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Franzetti-Pellanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Garzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3352-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radislav","family":"Sedlacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4655-2380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ruzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0963-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Varani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4063-4502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Cavalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher O.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7379-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide F.","family":"Robbiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(06)66005-3"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41579-020-00468-6"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells","volume":"23","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2456-9","article-title":"Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals","volume":"584","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.028","article-title":"N-terminal domain antigenic mapping reveals a site of vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"184","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.04.003","article-title":"Analysis of memory B cells identifies conserved neutralizing epitopes on the N-terminal domain of variant SARS-Cov-2 spike proteins","volume":"55","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04594-4","article-title":"Antibody evasion properties of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages","volume":"604","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2201933","article-title":"Efficacy of Antiviral Agents against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariant BA.2","volume":"386","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03720-y","article-title":"In vivo monoclonal antibody efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variant strains","volume":"596","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn8652","article-title":"Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron immune evasion and receptor engagement","volume":"375","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04111-z"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. D. Zehr , S. L. K. Pond , D. P. Martin , K. Ceres , G. R. Whittaker , J. K. Millet , L. B. Goodman , M. J. Stanhope , Recent Zoonotic Spillover and Tropism Shift of a Canine Coronavirus Is Associated with Relaxed Selection and Putative Loss of Function in NTD Subdomain of Spike Protein. Viruses. 14, 853 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050853"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.019"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.255","article-title":"GISAID\u2019s Role in Pandemic Response","volume":"3","year":"2021","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab456","article-title":"Novel Canine Coronavirus Isolated from a Hospitalized Patient With Pneumonia in East Malaysia","volume":"74","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj3321","article-title":"Broad betacoronavirus neutralization by a stem helix-specific human antibody","volume":"373","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109353"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.18","first-page":"eabq2679","article-title":"ACE2-binding exposes the SARS-CoV-2 fusion peptide to broadly neutralizing coronavirus antibodies","volume":"0","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.19","first-page":"eabq3773","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies target the coronavirus fusion peptide","volume":"0","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01155-3","article-title":"Neutralization mechanism of a human antibody with pan-coronavirus reactivity including SARS-CoV-2","volume":"7","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Jaimes , J. Millet , G. Whittaker , Proteolytic Cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and the Role of the Novel S1\/S2 Site. SSRN, 3581359 (2020).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3581359"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.-M. Zhao , W.-L. Yang , F.-Y. Yang , L. Zhang , W.-J. Huang , W. Hou , C.-F. Fan , R.-H. Jin , Y.-M. Feng , Y.-C. Wang , J.-K. Yang , Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 6, 134 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00558-8"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111276"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04581-9","article-title":"Molecular basis of receptor binding and antibody neutralization of Omicron","volume":"604","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019002108"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.005"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2029849","article-title":"BLAZE-1 Investigators, SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with Covid-19","volume":"384","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0202","article-title":"Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination With Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"325","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2035002"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107934","article-title":"Early Treatment for Covid-19 with SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Sotrovimab","volume":"385","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.032","article-title":"The Omicron variant is highly resistant against antibody-mediated neutralization: Implications for control of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"185","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.037","article-title":"Circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K variants maintain fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity","volume":"184","author":"ISARIC4C Investigators","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf6950"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110812"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf6840"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq0839"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109760"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. R. Martinez , A. Sch\u00e4fer , S. Gobeil , D. Li , G. De la Cruz , R. Parks , X. Lu , M. Barr , V. Stalls , K. Janowska , E. Beaudoin , K. Manne , K. Mansouri , R. J. Edwards , K. Cronin , B. Yount , K. Anasti , S. A. Montgomery , J. Tang , Golding, S. Shen, T. Zhou, P. D. Kwong, B. S. Graham, J. R. Mascola, D. C. Montefiori, S. M. Alam, G. D. Sempowski, S. Khurana, K. Wiehe, K. O. Saunders, P. Acharya, B. F. Haynes, R. S. Baric , A broadly cross-reactive antibody neutralizes and protects against sarbecovirus challenge in mice. Sci. Transl. Med. 14, eabj7125 (2021).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abj7125"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.09.015","article-title":"Elicitation of broadly protective sarbecovirus immunity by receptor-binding domain nanoparticle vaccines","volume":"184","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.019"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Chen , X. Zhao , H. Zhou , H. Zhu , S. Jiang , P. Wang , Broadly neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 1\u201311 (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00784-3"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Zhou , M. Yuan , G. Song , N. Beutler , N. Shaabani , D. Huang , W.-T. He , X. Zhu , S. Callaghan , P. Yong , F. Anzanello , L. Peng , J. Ricketts , M. Parren , E. Garcia , S. A. Rawlings , D. M. Smith , D. Nemazee , J. R. Teijaro , T. F. Rogers , I. A. Wilson , D. R. Burton , R. Andrabi , A human antibody reveals a conserved site on beta-coronavirus spike proteins and confers protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci. Transl. Med. 14, eabi9215 (2022).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abi9215"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.073"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aae0474"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0042-6"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Yuan , D. Cao , Y. Zhang , J. Ma , J. Qi , Q. Wang , G. Lu , Y. Wu , J. Yan , Y. Shi , X. Zhang , G. F. Gao , Cryo-EM structures of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV spike glycoproteins reveal the dynamic receptor binding domains. Nat. Commun. 8, 15092 (2017).","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15092"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.12.028"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Shu , J. McCauley , GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data - from vision to reality. Euro Surveill. Bull. Eur. Sur Mal. Transm. Eur. Commun. Dis. Bull. 22, 30494 (2017).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1458915"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03461-y","article-title":"Bispecific IgG neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants and prevents escape in mice","volume":"593","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.04.024"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Schmidt , Y. Weisblum , F. Muecksch , H.-H. Hoffmann , E. Michailidis , J. C. C. Lorenzi , P. Mendoza , M. Rutkowska , E. Bednarski , C. Gaebler , M. Agudelo , A. Cho , Z. Wang , A. Gazumyan , M. Cipolla , M. Caskey , F. Robbiani , M. C. Nussenzweig , C. M. Rice , T. Hatziioannou , P. D. Bieniasz , Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity using pseudotyped and chimeric viruses. J. Exp. Med. 217, e20201181 (2020).","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201181"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.53","unstructured":"Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 | Nature, (available at https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-020-2548-6)."},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.011","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 Infection Model in Mice Demonstrates Protection by Neutralizing Antibodies","volume":"182","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.55","unstructured":"L. Casalino , Z. Gaieb , J. A. Goldsmith , C. K. Hjorth , A. C. Dommer , A. M. Harbison , C. A. Fogarty , E. P. Barros,"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c01056","article-title":"Beyond Shielding: The Roles of Glycans in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein","volume":"6","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Executive Committee, The new scope of virus taxonomy: partitioning the virosphere into 15 hierarchical ranks. Nat. Microbiol. 5, 668\u2013674 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0709-x"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. L. Schoch , S. Ciufo , M. Domrachev , C. L. Hotton , S. Kannan , R. Khovanskaya , D. Leipe , R. Mcveigh , K. O\u2019Neill , B. Robbertse , S. Sharma , V. Soussov , J. P. Sullivan , L. Sun , S. Turner , I. Karsch-Mizrachi , NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools. Database J. Biol. Databases Curation. 2020, baaa062 (2020).","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baaa062"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn180"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444909047374"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444910045749"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889807021206"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444909052925"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444910007493"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2005.07.007"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4169"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2006.06.010"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444909042073"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn316"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3235","article-title":"UCSF ChimeraX: Meeting modern challenges in visualization and analysis","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Sci. Publ. Protein Soc"},{"key":"2022112913301096000_2022.11.24.515932v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2007.05.022"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2022.11.24.515932","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T03:55:13Z","timestamp":1768449313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2022.11.24.515932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"references-count":71,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.11.24.515932","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}