{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T20:27:27Z","timestamp":1783542447834,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"group-title":"Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS)","reference-count":21,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Persistent symptoms after SARS-COV-2 infection, or long-COVID, may occur in anywhere from 10-55% of those who have had COVID-19, but the extent of impact on daily functioning and disability remains unquantified.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To characterize physical and mental disability associated with long-COVID<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a cohort study<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Online US nationwide survey<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adults 18 years of age and older who live in the US who either report a history of COVID-19 illness (n=8,874) or report never having had COVID-19 (n=633)<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Self-reported mobility disability (difficulty walking a quarter of a mile and\/or up 10 stairs, instrumental activities of daily living [IADL] disability (difficulty doing light or heavy housework), and mental fatigue as measured by the Wood Mental Fatigue Inventory (WMFI).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 7,926 participants with long-COVID, the median age was 45 years, 84% were female, 89% self-reported white race, and 7.4% self-reported Hispanic\/Latino ethnicity. Sixty-five percent of long-COVID participants were classified as having at least one disability, compared to 6% of those with resolved-COVID (n=948) and 14% of those with no-COVID (n=633). Of long-COVID participants, about 1% and 5% were classified as critically physically disabled or mentally fatigued, respectively. Age, prior comorbidity, increased BMI, female gender, hospitalization for COVID-19, non-white race, and multi-race were all associated with significantly higher disability burden. Dizziness at the time of infection (33% non-hospitalized, 39% hospitalized) was associated with all five disability components in both hospitalized and non-hospitalized groups. Heavy limbs, dyspnea, and tremors were associated with four of the five components of disability in the non-hospitalized group, and heavy limbs was associated with four of the five components in the hospitalized group. Vaccination was protective against development of disability.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We observed a high burden of physical and mental disability associated with long-COVID which has serious implications for individual and societal health that may be partially mitigated by vaccination. Longitudinal characterization and evaluation of COVID-19 patients is necessary to identify patterns of recovery and treatment options.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.12.07.22283203","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T20:25:20Z","timestamp":1670444720000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Physical and mental health disability associated with long-COVID: Baseline results from a US nationwide cohort"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Bryan","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eryka","family":"Wentz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanmo","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Yenokyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candelaria","family":"Coggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti H.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5809-2081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priya","family":"Duggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2022120901450752000_2022.12.07.22283203v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.03.21258317"},{"key":"2022120901450752000_2022.12.07.22283203v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmab076"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022120901450752000_2022.12.07.22283203v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2238804","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.38804","article-title":"Prevalence and Correlates of Long COVID Symptoms Among US Adults","volume":"5","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022120901450752000_2022.12.07.22283203v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33415-5","article-title":"Outcomes among confirmed cases and a matched comparison group in the Long-COVID in Scotland study","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2022120901450752000_2022.12.07.22283203v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9"},{"key":"2022120901450752000_2022.12.07.22283203v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26513-3"},{"key":"2022120901450752000_2022.12.07.22283203v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022120901450752000_2022.12.07.22283203v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01909-w","article-title":"Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults","volume":"28","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022120901450752000_2022.12.07.22283203v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.12.007","article-title":"Quality of life, functional status, and persistent symptoms after intensive care of COVID-19 patients","volume":"126","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2022120901450752000_2022.12.07.22283203v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02140-x"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022120901450752000_2022.12.07.22283203v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27586","article-title":"Post-sequelae symptoms and comorbidities after COVID-19","volume":"94","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2022120901450752000_2022.12.07.22283203v1.12","unstructured":"Health Organization W. 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