{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:22:04Z","timestamp":1768562524030,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]]},"group-title":"Neurology","reference-count":51,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is yet unknown if breastfeeding (bf) benefits, to brain and body development of children, persist into peri-adolescence and vary by socioeconomic environments (SEEs).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We aim to investigate SEE-independent and SEE-modulated relationships between bf duration and child brain structure and adiposity markers during peri-adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design, setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study of children aged 9\u201310 enrolled in the multi-center Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study\u00ae.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Exposure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bf duration was self-reported. Neighborhood-level SEE was assessed using area deprivation index (ADI).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess global brain measures: volumes of white, cortical, and subcortical gray matter (GM), cortical thickness, and surface area (SA). Adiposity markers included age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI\n                    <jats:italic>z-<\/jats:italic>\n                    scores), waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Mixed effects models examined associations of bf duration with brain structure and adiposity markers controlling for sociodemographic, pre- and post-natal covariates. Stratified analysis was performed by tertiles of ADI.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The sample consisted of 7,511 children (51.7% males; 18.8% no bf, 35.3% 1-6 months, 24.9% 7-12 months, 21.0% &gt;12 months). Child\u2019s total SA (\u03b2 (95% CI) = 0.053 (0.033, 0.074); FDR corrected\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001), cortical (\u03b2 (95% CI) = 0.021 (0.010, 0.032); FDR corrected\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001) and subcortical GM volume (\u03b2 (95% CI) = 0.016 (0.003, 0.030); FDR corrected\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001) increased monotonically with bf duration, after controlling for covariates. Child\u2019s BMI\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    -scores (\u03b2 (95% CI) = -0.040 (\u22120.063, -0.016); FDR corrected\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.001), waist circumference (\u03b2 (95% CI) = -0.037 (\u22120.060, -0.014), FDR corrected\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.002) and WHtR (\u03b2 (95% CI) = -0.040 (\u22120.064, -0.018), FDR corrected\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.001) decreased monotonically with increased bf duration, after controlling for covariates. Bf duration was inversely associated with adiposity in children from high- and medium-ADI neighborhoods. Bf duration was positively associated with SA across ADI tertiles.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results imply that long-term benefits of bf on body and brain development in offspring increase as bf duration increases, particularly in children from low SEEs. Policies and social support aimed to incremental increases in bf duration among women from low SEEs would confer long-term benefits for offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Question<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Do benefits of breastfeeding(bf), on children\u2019s brain and body development, persist long-term and are these benefits uniform across socioeconomic environments (SEEs)?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longer bf duration is associated with lower adiposity, greater cortical and subcortical gray matter volume, and cortical surface area in 9\u201310-year-old children. Children from lower SEEs showed stronger negative relationships between bf duration and adiposity. Children across all SEEs demonstrated positive relationships between bf duration and surface area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Meaning<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results imply that long-term benefits to child brain and body development increase with bf duration; and children from lower SEEs benefited more from longer bf duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.06.23284287","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T21:20:13Z","timestamp":1673126413000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term benefits of breastfeeding on brain and body development among 9\u201310-year-olds: modulated by socioeconomic environment"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Vidya","family":"Rajagopalan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eustace","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00735.x"},{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181d026da"},{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.056","article-title":"Early nutrition influences developmental myelination and cognition in infants and young children","volume":"178","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys172"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_52_17","article-title":"The association between household socioeconomic status, breastfeeding, and infants\u2019 anthropometric indices","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg257"},{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3535-7_3","volume-title":"Early Nutrition and Its Later Consequences: New Opportunities","volume":"569","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.01.027"},{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2005.00453.x"},{"issue":"2pt1","key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2012.01456.x","article-title":"Duration of Breastfeeding and Childhood Obesity: A Generalized Propensity Score Approach","volume":"48","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.11","first-page":"5","article-title":"Breastfeeding and obesity in school-age children from families of high socioeconomic status","volume":"41","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.1.e9"},{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.004"},{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3552"},{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003259"},{"key":"2023010910450674000_2023.01.06.23284287v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schanler RJ , American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, eds. 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