{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:34:06Z","timestamp":1768505646107,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":79,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Resting state networks (RSNs) are increasingly forwarded as candidate biomarkers for neuropsychiatric disorders. Such biomarkers may provide objective measures for evaluating novel therapeutic interventions in nonhuman primates often used in translational neuroimaging research. This study aimed to characterize the RSNs of awake squirrel monkeys and compare the characteristics of those networks in adolescent and adult subjects. Twenty-seven squirrel monkeys (\n                  <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                  =12 adolescents [6 male\/6 female] \u223c2.5 years and\n                  <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                  =15 adults [7 male\/8 female] \u223c9.5 years) were gradually acclimated to awake scanning procedures; whole-brain fMRI images were acquired with a 9.4 Tesla scanner. Group level independent component (IC) analysis (30 ICs) with dual regression was used to detect and compare RSNs. Twenty ICs corresponding to physiologically meaningful networks representing a range of neural functions, including motor, sensory, reward (e.g., basal ganglia), and cognitive processes were identified in both adolescent and adult monkeys. Significant age-related differences between the adult and adolescent subjects (adult &gt; adolescent) were found in two networks of interest: (1) the right upper occipital region with an OFC IC and (2) the left temporal cortex, bilateral visual areas, and cerebellum with the cingulate IC. These results demonstrate that squirrel monkey RSNs are stable and consistent with RSNs previously identified in humans, rodents, and other nonhuman primate species. These data also identify several networks in adolescence that are conserved and others that may change into adulthood.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Functional magnetic resonance imaging procedures have revealed important information about how the brain is modified by experimental manipulations, disease states, and aging throughout the lifespan. Preclinical neuroimaging, especially in nonhuman primates, has become a frequently used means to answer targeted questions related to brain resting-state functional connectivity. The present study characterized resting state networks (RSNs) in adult and adolescent squirrel monkeys; twenty RSNs corresponding to networks representing a range of neural functions were identified. The RSNs identified here can be utilized in future studies examining the effects of experimental manipulations on brain connectivity in squirrel monkeys. These data also may be useful for comparative analysis with other primate species to provide an evolutionary perspective for understanding brain function and organization.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.08.523000","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T18:15:14Z","timestamp":1673288114000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Resting state networks of awake adolescent and adult squirrel monkeys using ultra-high field (9.4T) functional magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9612-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"Yassin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0411-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando B.","family":"de Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Withey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4597-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian D.","family":"Kangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6906-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Kohut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.31.1.11"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20929"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2008.05.008"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01000.2012"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00685"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025701"},{"issue":"1457","key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1634","article-title":"Investigations into resting-state connectivity using independent component analysis. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London","volume":"360","year":"2005","journal-title":"Series B, Biological sciences"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(09)71511-3"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3146-13.2013"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340409"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.090"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.080"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm052"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001275"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.09.002","article-title":"Default-mode brain dysfunction in mental disorders: a systematic review","volume":"33","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience & biobehavioral reviews"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp131"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkab003"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.18","first-page":"1636","article-title":"Mapping functionally related regions of brain with functional connectivity MR imaging","volume":"21","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm207"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601417103"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00895.2010"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184661."},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117685","article-title":"Imaging evolution of the primate brain: the next frontier?","volume":"228","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020107"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.25","first-page":"97843K","article-title":"A 3D high resolution ex vivo white matter atlas of the common squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus) based on diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"9784","author":"Medical Imaging 2016: Image Processing","year":"2016","journal-title":"in Medical Imaging 2016: Image Processing (eds"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110669","article-title":"An evolutionary gap in primate default mode network organization","volume":"39","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gergen JA , Maclean PD . 1962. A stereotaxic atlas of the squirrel monkey\u2019s brain (Saimiri sciureus). (No. 933). US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.114088"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24457","article-title":"Developmental changes in functional brain networks from birth through adolescence","volume":"40","author":"CMIND Authorship Consortium","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human brain mapping"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328306f2c5"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.09.020"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.066"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00371"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2012.00029"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.063"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(02)91132-8"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018876"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116347"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600674103"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01101-z","article-title":"Effects of long-term cocaine self-administration on brain resting-state functional connectivity in nonhuman primates","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.42","first-page":"1975","article-title":"Anatomical and functional investigation of the marmoset default mode network","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200506109"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.11.037"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905314106"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0220-09.2009"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23309"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson AJ , Cheney CA , Chen YCI , Dai G , Marini RP , Grindlay GC , Ishizawa Y , Moore CI . 2006. High-field (9.4 T) magnetic resonance imaging in squirrel monkey. In Development and plasticity in sensory thalamus and cortex (pp. 288\u2013316). Springer, Boston, MA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-38607-2_16"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17610-9","article-title":"Resting state brain networks in the prairie vole","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.073"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27594","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027594","article-title":"A Simple and Objective Method for Reproducible Resting State Network (RSN) Detection in fMRI","volume":"6","author":"Pendse","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.676"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20679"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.06.006"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.01.001"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0291-8"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-017-9334-0","article-title":"The VALiDATe29 MRI based multi-channel atlas of the squirrel monkey brain","volume":"15","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1138-17.2019"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr099"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905267106"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.039","article-title":"Resting-state fMRI in the human connectome project","volume":"80","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20673"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.117"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.009"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.080"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008","article-title":"Exploring the brain network: a review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharma"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05758"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00259"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.15.4.309"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.41.1.26"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143049","article-title":"Default mode network activity and connectivity in psychopathology","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rev Clin Psych"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.067"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.591"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117349"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx059","article-title":"Resting-State Functional Connectivity-Based Biomarkers and Functional MRI-Based Neurofeedback for Psychiatric Disorders: A Challenge for Developing Theranostic Biomarkers","volume":"20","year":"2017","journal-title":"The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00296","article-title":"Isoflurane-induced burst suppression increases intrinsic functional connectivity of the monkey brain","volume":"13","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2023011107100842000_2023.01.08.523000v1.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou CZ , Salzwedel AP , Radtke-Schuller S , Li Y , Sellers KK , Gilmore JH , Shih Y-Y I, Fr\u00f6hlich F , Gao W , 206. Resting state network topology of the ferret brain. Neuroimage 143; 70\u201381.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.09.003"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.01.08.523000","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T04:06:46Z","timestamp":1768450006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.01.08.523000"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":79,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.01.08.523000","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0173-23.2024","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}