{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T18:33:26Z","timestamp":1768502006793,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":58,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Glycerophospholipids including phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) are vital components of biological membranes. Trypanosomatid parasites of the genus\n                  <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                  can acquire PE and PC via\n                  <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                  synthesis and the uptake\/remodeling of host lipids. In this study, we investigated the ethanolaminephosphate cytidyltransferase (EPCT) in\n                  <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                  , which is the causative agent for cutaneous leishmaniasis. EPCT is a key enzyme in the ethanolamine branch of the Kennedy pathway which is responsible for the\n                  <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                  synthesis of PE. Our results demonstrate that\n                  <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                  EPCT is a cytosolic protein capable of catalyzing the formation of CDP-ethanolamine from ethanolamine-phosphate and cytidine triphosphate. Genetic manipulation experiments indicate that EPCT is essential in both the promastigote and amastigote stages of\n                  <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                  as the chromosomal null mutants cannot survive without the episomal expression of EPCT. This differs from our previous findings on the choline branch of the Kennedy pathway (responsible for PC synthesis) which is required only in promastigotes but not amastigotes. While episomal EPCT expression does not affect promastigote proliferation under normal conditions, it leads to reduced production of ethanolamine plasmalogen or plasmenylethanolamine, the dominant PE subtype in\n                  <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                  . In addition, parasites with epsiomal EPCT exhibit heightened sensitivity to acidic pH and starvation stress, and significant reduction in virulence. In summary, our investigation demonstrates that proper regulation of EPCT expression is crucial for PE synthesis, stress response, and survival of\n                  <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                  parasites throughout their life cycle.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>AUTHOR SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In nature,\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites alternate between fast replicating, extracellular promastigotes in sand fly gut and slow growing, intracellular amastigotes in macrophages. Previous studies suggest that promastigotes acquire most of their lipids via\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    synthesis whereas amastigotes rely on the uptake and remodeling of host lipids. Here we investigated the function of ethanolaminephosphate cytidyltransferase (EPCT) which catalyzes a key step in the\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Results showed that EPCT is indispensable for both promastigotes and amastigotes, indicating that\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    PE synthesis is still needed at certain capacity for the intracellular form of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites. In addition, elevated EPCT expression alters overall PE synthesis and compromises parasite\u2019s tolerance to adverse conditions and is deleterious to the growth of intracellular amastigotes. These findings provide new insight into how\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    acquire essential phospholipids and how disturbance of lipid metabolism can impact parasite fitness.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.10.523530","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T22:10:17Z","timestamp":1673475017000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ethanolaminephosphate cytidyltransferase is essential for survival, lipid homeostasis and stress tolerance in\n                  <i>Leishmania major<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Somrita","family":"Basu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mattie","family":"Pawlowic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fong-Fu","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6616-1806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61340-X"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.111-126.2006"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016002523"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(94)90186-4"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09687688.2015.1066894"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05839.x"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M512307200"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002695"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M802430200"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50784-0"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601565"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)40710-2"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13387"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M200426-JLR200"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M803600200"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3390291"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.647870"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R700020-JLR200"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2013.10.018"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2014.08.005"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-2736(03)00131-7"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05653.x"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.07.004"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2009.12.004"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1410-5_14"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00142-5"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003672"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003888"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619265114"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102522"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04493.x"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004427"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008810"},{"key":"2023011308001624000_2023.01.10.523530v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(92)09032-X"},{"key":"202301130800162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