{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:48:58Z","timestamp":1768564138201,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"group-title":"Epidemiology","reference-count":56,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Satellite-based PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    predictions are being used to advance exposure science and air-pollution epidemiology in developed countries; including emerging evidence about the impacts of PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    on acute health outcomes beyond the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and the potential modifying effects from individual-level factors in these associations. Research on these topics is lacking in Latin America.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We used a time-stratified case-crossover study design with 1,479,950 non-accidental deaths from Mexico City Metropolitan Area for the period of 2004-2019. Daily 1x1 km PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    (median=23.4 \u03bcg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; IQR=13.6 \u03bcg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) estimates from our satellite-based regional model were employed for exposure assessment at the sub-municipality level. Associations between PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    with broad-category (organ-system) and cause-specific mortality outcomes were estimated with distributed lag conditional logistic models. We also fit models stratifying by potential individual-level effect modifiers including; age, sex, and individual SES-related characteristics namely: education, health insurance coverage, and job categories.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure was associated with higher total non-accidental, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, respiratory, and digestive mortality. A 10-\u03bcg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    higher cumulative exposure over one week (lag\n                    <jats:sub>06<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was associated with higher cause-specific mortality outcomes including hypertensive disease [2.28% (95%CI: 0.26%\u20134.33%)], acute ischemic heart disease [1.61% (95%CI: 0.59%\u20132.64%)], other forms of heart disease [2.39% (95%CI: -0.35%\u20135.20%)], hemorrhagic stroke [3.63% (95%CI: 0.79%\u20136.55%)], influenza and pneumonia [4.91% (95%CI: 2.84%\u20137.02%)], chronic respiratory disease [2.49% (95%CI: 0.71%\u20134.31%)], diseases of the liver [1.85% (95%CI: 0.31%\u20133.41%)], and renal failure [3.48% (95%CI: 0.79%\u20136.24%)]. No differences in effect size of associations were observed between SES strata.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Exposure to PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    was associated with mortality outcomes beyond the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, including specific death-causes from the digestive and genitourinary systems, with no indications of effect modification by individual SES-related characteristics.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.15.23284576","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T04:34:49Z","timestamp":1674016489000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Daily exposure to PM\n                  <sub>2.5<\/sub>\n                  and 1.5 million deaths: A time-stratified case-crossover analysis in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8040-2007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Avila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6734-0486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horacio","family":"Riojas-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1875-8448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Colicino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6853-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnathan","family":"Rush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7018-3602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Tamayo-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7333-5798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor Hugo","family":"Borja-Aburto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4312-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan C.","family":"Just","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023011907400722000_2023.01.15.23284576v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.40","article-title":"Consequences of kriging and land use regression for PM2.5 predictions in epidemiologic analyses: insights into spatial variability using high-resolution satellite data","volume":"25","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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