{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:21:56Z","timestamp":1768504916805,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":33,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Hookworms (genera\n                  <jats:italic>Ancylostoma<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>Necator<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) are amongst of the most prevalent and important parasites of humans globally. These intestinal parasites ingest blood, resulting in anemia, growth stunting, malnutrition, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. They are also critical parasites of dogs and other animals. In addition, hookworms and hookworm products are being explored for their use in treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. There is thus a significant and growing interest in these mammalian host-obligate parasites. Laboratory research is hampered by the lack of good means of cryopreservation. Here, we describe a robust method for long-term (\u22653 year) cryoprotection and recovery of both\n                  <jats:italic>Ancylostoma<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>Necator<\/jats:italic>\n                  hookworms that is also applicable to two other intestinal parasites that passages through the infective third larval stage,\n                  <jats:italic>Strongyloides ratti<\/jats:italic>\n                  and H\n                  <jats:italic>eligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri<\/jats:italic>\n                  . The key is the use cryo-preserved first-staged larvae raised to the infective third larval stage using activated charcoal mixed with uninfected feces from a permissive host. This technique will greatly facilitate research on and availability of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes with great importance to global health, companion animal health, and autoimmune\/inflammatory disease therapies.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.01.526637","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:45:23Z","timestamp":1675298723000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An efficient method for viable cryopreservation of hookworms and other gastrointestinal nematodes in the laboratory"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Hanchen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffi V.","family":"Aroian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2023020311400803000_2023.02.01.526637v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2307\/3283058","article-title":"Radiolabeling of Infective Third-Stage Larvae of Strongyloides Stercoralis by Feeding [75 Se]Selenomethionine-Labeled Escherichia Coli to First- and Second-Stage Larvae","volume":"75","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Journal of Parasitology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023020311400803000_2023.02.01.526637v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004922","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004922","article-title":"The Global Economic and Health Burden of Human Hookworm Infection","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023020311400803000_2023.02.01.526637v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009908","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009908","article-title":"Experimental Human Hookworm Infection: A Narrative Historical Review","volume":"15","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023020311400803000_2023.02.01.526637v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4238-5","article-title":"Storage of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infective Larvae for Species Preservation and Experimental Infections","volume":"114","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023020311400803000_2023.02.01.526637v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.1.0680044","article-title":"Short Report: Ancylostoma Ceylanicum: Exsheathment Is Not Required for Successful Cryopreservation of Third Stage Hookworm Larvae","volume":"68","year":"2003","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023020311400803000_2023.02.01.526637v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-264","article-title":"The Landscape of Human Genes Involved in the Immune Response to Parasitic Worms","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Evolutionary Biology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023020311400803000_2023.02.01.526637v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002355","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002355","article-title":"Signatures of Environmental Genetic Adaptation Pinpoint Pathogens as the Main Selective Pressure through Human Evolution","volume":"7","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Genetics"},{"key":"2023020311400803000_2023.02.01.526637v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105214","article-title":"Human Hookworm Infection: Is Effective Control Possible? 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