{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:38:22Z","timestamp":1768563502859,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"group-title":"Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS)","reference-count":38,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Leishmania braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                  infection results in inflammation and skin injury, with highly variable and unpredictable clinical outcomes. Here, we investigated the potential impact of microbiota on infection-induced inflammatory responses and disease resolution by conducting an integrated analysis of the skin microbiome and host transcriptome on a cohort of 62\n                  <jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                  -infected patients. We found that overall bacterial burden and microbiome configurations dominated with\n                  <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                  spp. were associated with delayed healing and enhanced inflammatory responses, especially by IL-1 family members. Dual RNA-seq of human lesions revealed that high lesional\n                  <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                  transcript abundance was associated with delayed healing and increased expression of IL-1\u03b2. This cytokine was critical for modulating disease outcome in\n                  <jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                  -infected mice colonized with\n                  <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                  , as its neutralization reduced pathology and inflammation. These results implicate the microbiome in cutaneous leishmaniasis disease outcomes in humans and suggest host-directed therapies to mitigate the inflammatory consequences.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.02.23285247","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T18:20:12Z","timestamp":1675707612000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The skin microbiome enhances disease through IL-1b and delays healing in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-7265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila","family":"Farias Amorim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9717-6170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria M.","family":"Lovins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0122-1089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tej Pratap","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9491-0384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda O.","family":"Novais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6859-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan C.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4586-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexsandro S.","family":"Lago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5033-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2697-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2865-4589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel 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