{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:37:06Z","timestamp":1768505826099,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":38,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Soon after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, the\n                  <jats:italic>Betacoronavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                  SARS-CoV-2 infection of several mink farms breeding American minks (\n                  <jats:italic>Neovison vison<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) for fur was detected in several countries of Europe. The risk of a new reservoir formation and of a reverse zoonosis from minks was then a major concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the four French mink farms for the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2020. The investigations took place during the slaughtering period thus facilitating different types of sampling (swabs and blood). In one of the four mink farms, 96.6% of serum samples were positive in SARS-CoV-2 ELISA coated with purified N protein recombinant antigen and 54 out of 162 (33%) pharyngo-tracheal swabs were positive by RT-qPCR. The genetic variability among 12 SARS-CoV-2 genomes sequenced in this farm indicated the co-circulation of several lineages at the time of sampling. All SARS-CoV-2 genomes detected were nested within the 20A clade (Nextclade), together with SARS-CoV-2 genomes from humans sampled at the same period. The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity by ELISA varied between 0.5 and 1.2% in the three other farms. Interestingly, among these three farms, 11 pharyngo-tracheal swabs and 3 fecal pools from two farms were positive by end-point RT-PCR for an\n                  <jats:italic>Alphacoronavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                  highly similar to a mink coronavirus sequence observed in Danish farms in 2015. In addition, a mink\n                  <jats:italic>Caliciviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                  was identified in one of the two positive farms for\n                  <jats:italic>Alphacoronavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                  . The clinical impact of these unapparent viral infections is not known. The co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with other viruses in mink farms could contribute to explain the diversity of clinical symptoms noted in different infected farms in Europe. In addition, the co-circulation of an\n                  <jats:italic>Alphacoronavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                  and SARS-CoV-2 within a mink farm would increase potentially the risk of viral recombination between alpha and betacoronaviruses already suggested in wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Author summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>France is not a country of major mink fur production. Following the SARS-CoV-2 contamination of mink farms in Denmark and the Netherlands, the question arose for the four French farms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The investigation conducted at the same time in the four farms revealed the contamination of one of them by a variant different from the one circulating at the same time in Denmark and the Netherlands mink farms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Investigation of three other farms free of SARS-CoV-2 contamination revealed the circulation of other viruses including a mink Alphacoronavirus and\n                    <jats:italic>Caliciviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which could modify the symptomatology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in minks.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.02.526749","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T16:25:15Z","timestamp":1675355115000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Investigations on SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in mink farms in France at the end of the first year of COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5054-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marine","family":"Wasniewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Bou\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Richomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8420-7743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etienne","family":"Simon-Lori\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Van der Werf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Donati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Enouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Beven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estelle","family":"Leperchois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryce","family":"Leterrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Corbet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meriadeg","family":"Le Gouil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Monchatre-Leroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyne","family":"Picard-Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023020403451114000_2023.02.02.526749v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oreshkova N , Molenaar RJ , Vreman S , Harders F , Oude Munnink BB , Hakze-van der Honing RW , et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020. Euro Surveill Bull Eur Sur Mal Transm Eur Commun Dis Bull. juin 2020;25(23).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.23.2001005"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023020403451114000_2023.02.02.526749v1.2","first-page":"164","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in Danish Mink Farms: Course of the Epidemic and a Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2020","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Open Access J MDPI. 12 janv"},{"key":"2023020403451114000_2023.02.02.526749v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.663815"},{"key":"2023020403451114000_2023.02.02.526749v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tada T , Dcosta BM , Zhou H , Vaill A , Kazmierski W , Landau NR . Decreased neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 global variants by therapeutic anti-spike protein monoclonal antibodies. 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