{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:35:54Z","timestamp":1768505754002,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":45,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This proof-of-concept study introduces Angular Indication Measurement and applies it to VA (AIM-VA). First, we compared the ability of AIM-VA and ETDRS to detect defocus and astigmatic blur in 22 normally-sighted adults. Spherical and cylindrical lenses (\u00b10.00D, +0.25D, +0.50D, +0.75D, +1.00D, +2.00D and +0.50D, +1.00D, +2.00D each at 0\u00b0, 90\u00b0, 135\u00b0, respectively) in the dominant eye induced blur. Second, we compared repeatability over two tests of AIM-VA and ETDRS. A 2-way-ANOVA showed a main effect for defocus-blur and test with no interaction. A 3-way-ANOVA for the astigmatism experiment revealed main effects for test type, blur, and direction and with no interactions. Planned multiple comparisons showed AIM had greater astigmatic-induced VA loss than ETDRS. Bland-Altman plots showed small bias and no systematic learning effect for either test type and improved repeatability with &gt;2 adaptive steps for AIM-VA. AIM-VA\u2019s ability to detect defocus was comparable with that of an ETDRS letter chart and showed greater sensitivity to astigmatic blur, and AIM-VA\u2019s repeatability is comparable with ETDRS when using 2 or more adaptive steps. AIM\u2019s self-administered orientation judgment approach is generalizable to interrogate other visual functions, e.g., contrast, color, motion, stereo-vision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.25.529586","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T13:40:23Z","timestamp":1677505223000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AIM (Angular Indication Measurement)- Visual Acuity: An adaptive, self-administered, and generalizable vision assessment method used to measure visual acuity"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2470-8404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Skerswetat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay Bijesh","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Aycardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter John","family":"Bex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199504000-00008"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-308166"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.3","first-page":"26","article-title":"Effect of cataract type and severity on visual acuity and contrast sensitivity","volume":"6","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2015.0616"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2020.07.014"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. T. V. M. de Jong , A history of visual acuity testing and optotypes. Eye, 1\u201312 (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02180-6"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.7","unstructured":"H. K\u00fcchler , \u201cSchriftnummerprobe f\u00fcr Gesichtsleidende\u201d (1843)."},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.8","unstructured":"WHO, World report on vision (2019)."},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5701.108"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050120030015"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/0065955X.1986.11981691","article-title":"Visual acuity charts for clinical research","volume":"36","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Orthopt. J"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.12","unstructured":"H. Snellen , Letterproeven, totbepaling der gezigtsscherpte, J. G. Utrech , Ed. ( P. W. van de Weijer , 1862)."},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.13","first-page":"93","article-title":"On the methods of determining the acuity of vision","volume":"2","year":"1897","journal-title":"Syst. Dis. Eye"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.14","first-page":"465","article-title":"Nouveaux opto-types pour la d\u00e9termination de l\u2019acuit\u00e9 visuelle","volume":"19","year":"1899","journal-title":"Arch d Ophtal"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1980.tb08291.x","article-title":"New Visual Acuity Test for Pre-School Children","volume":"58","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/18.4.18"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Strasburger , J. Huber , D. Rose , Ewald Hering\u2019s (1899) On the Limits of Visual Acuity: A Translation and Commentary: With a Supplement on Alfred Volkmann\u2019s (1863) Physiological Investigations in the Field of Optics. Iperception. 9 (2018).","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669518763675"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.4.264"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197611000-00006"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.20","unstructured":"G. T. Fechner , Elemente der Psychophysik (Breitkopf und H\u00e4rtel, 1860)."},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.21","first-page":"486","volume":"80","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Dependency of LogMAR Visual Acuity Measurements on Chart Design and Scoring Rule"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.22","first-page":"120","article-title":"On the statistical reliability of letter-chart visual acuity measurements","volume":"34","year":"1993","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200107000-00017"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199601000-00008"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Piech , A. Malik , L. M. Scott , R. T. Chang , C. Lin , The stanford acuity test: A precise vision test using bayesian techniques and a discovery in human visual response. AAAI 2020 - 34th AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell., 471\u2013479 (2020).","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5384"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. R. F. W. Crossman , P. J. Goodeve , A computer-based automatic method for determing visual acuity. Optom. Vis. Sci., 344\u2013355 (1970).","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197005000-00002"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Han , et al., Development and validation of a smartphone-based visual acuity test (Vision at home). Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 8 (2019).","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.4.27"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Samanta , S. Mauntana , Z. Barsi , B. Yarlagadda , P. C. Nelson , Is your vision blurry? A systematic review of home-based visual acuity for telemedicine. J. Telemed. Telecare (2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1357633X20970398.","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X20970398"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200102000-00012"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.30","unstructured":"Consilium Ophthalmologicum Universale, VISUAL ACUITY MEASUREMENT STANDARD."},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.33","unstructured":"J. Skerswetat , P. J. Bex , AIM + (Angular Indication Measurement Plus) enables rapid, self-administered assessment of visual perception dependency across multiple stimulus dimensions in European Conference for Visual Perception, (2022)."},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. He , J. Skerswetat , P. J. Bex , Novel color vision assessment tools: AIM Color Detection and Discrimination in Association for Research in Vision Science and Opthalmology and Opthalmology, (2023).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.26.615300"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.35","first-page":"263","article-title":"Monocular spatial distortion in strabismic amblyopia","volume":"20","year":"1981","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200206000-00013"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000216099.29968.36"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00024-2"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00353.x","article-title":"Spatial frequency content of the Cardiff and related acuity tests","volume":"26","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Zhang , et al., Epidemiology and Burden of Astigmatism: A Systematic Literature Review. Optom. Vis. Sci. Publish Ah, 17\u201322 (2023).","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001998"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4336","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25550","article-title":"Induced astigmatism biases the orientation information represented in multivariate electroencephalogram activities","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75702"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01825-1"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0474-4","article-title":"The Freiburg Visual Acuity Test-Variability unchanged by post-hoc re-analysis","volume":"245","year":"2006","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023081906350575000_2023.02.25.529586v2.45","unstructured":"Z. Ahmed , J. Skerswetat , P. J. Bex , E. Wiecek , Assessment of Visual Acuity in Children With and Without Amblyopia Using the Novel Method AIM (Angular Indication Measurement) Acuity in Association for Research in Vision Science and Opthalmology and Opthalmology, (2023)."}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.02.25.529586","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T04:19:14Z","timestamp":1768450754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.02.25.529586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"references-count":45,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.02.25.529586","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}